【正文】 (which) I was telling you about empty. Ⅳ .簡(jiǎn)單介詞和復(fù)雜介詞 ： as, at, but, by, down, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, out, past, per, round, since, than, through, till, to, up, with, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, before, below, behind, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, despite, during, except, inside, into, onto, opposite, outside, over, unlike, until, upon, within, without。 in need of。 in line with。 on (the) top of。 in return for。 to。但是注意比較： Don’t run in the school. Don’t run into the school. C)另一方面，下列動(dòng)詞（ place, stand, lay, sit）?？梢院?to, onto和 into結(jié)合，也可以不結(jié)合 : She put the typewriter case on (to) the top shelf and the key in (to) the drawer. 再舉例子 點(diǎn)： at the bus stop。 in the village。 He works in London, but lives in the country. Our plane refueled at London on its way from New York to Moscow. 比較： She’s at Oxford. in Oxford. Sid works at a publishing house . in Ann is at school. in school. in the school. 比較： The Smiths drove to Edinburgh. They drove towards Edinburgh. They drove as far as Edinburgh. He is learning against the wall. There are still apples on the tree. [hanging from] 注意： She arrived at the shop/ bus stop. her arrival at the shop/ bus stop. (3)來(lái)源或否定的位置： away from。 beneath。 opposite。 between將某一物體的位置與特定的或單一的某組分離物體聯(lián)系起來(lái) 。 past。 over。 down。 just。 loaded with。 at noon。 on New Year’s day。 on the following evening。 throughout。 My girlfriend worked/arrived* there till Christmas. She worked*/ arrived by Christmas. E)在否定語(yǔ)境中， until /till不論與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞還是瞬間動(dòng)詞連用都成立。 :(原因 /目的系列；手段 /施動(dòng)者系列） 原因 /目的系列 原因： She lost her job because of her age. 理由： He was fined for drunken driving. 動(dòng)機(jī)： He did it out of kindness. 目的： Everyone ran for shelter. 目的地： I’m leaving for Beijing. 目標(biāo)： This novel is aimed at a young audience. 手段 /施動(dòng)者系列 方式： She performed the operation with great skill. 手段： They left by plane. 工具： She tried to open the lock with a knife. 施動(dòng)者： They were noticed by no one. 刺激： I’m astonished at your reaction. 1)原因 /目的系列 (1)原因 /理由 /動(dòng)機(jī)： because of 。 He set out for London. B)用 to短語(yǔ)表示假設(shè)將會(huì)到達(dá)的目的地。 like (unlike)。 shout at/to。表示理由或原因，是 because of 的正式語(yǔ)體中的替代形式。 它在含義上和 already, still, yet和 any more有聯(lián)系。 up to 通常表明一段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，其中不包括介詞不足語(yǔ)中的那一段時(shí)間 We worked up to Christmas.[不包括 Christmas] D) till /until 只能與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，即表示一段時(shí)間動(dòng)詞 連用。 over。 d) on Monday morning。 on the following day。 A) at用來(lái)指時(shí)間點(diǎn) (主要指鐘點(diǎn) )習(xí)慣上有用來(lái)指假 日時(shí)節(jié) ,也可以表示作時(shí)間點(diǎn)考慮的時(shí)間段 . at ten o’clock。 all around。 past。 up。 towards。 behind. 這類(lèi)介詞與移動(dòng)動(dòng)詞連用 ,既表示目的地等概念 ,又可表示通過(guò) (即向某處移動(dòng) ,然后離開(kāi) )的概念 . He jumped over a ditch(渠道 ). Someone ran behind the goalposts. (10)通過(guò) : across。 The guests were standing about/around the room. There are very few taxis about/around here. 相對(duì)位置還可由通常表示“通過(guò)”或“路線”的介詞表達(dá)： The tree lay across the road. The road runs through the tunnel. (7)空間 : between。 near to。 under。 in China。 on my back。簡(jiǎn)單位置和目的地（向某一預(yù)定場(chǎng)所移動(dòng)） 這兩種概念之間，可以有一種因果關(guān)系。 (3) 有些以 of結(jié)尾的復(fù)雜介詞可用屬格形式替代： for the sake of the people ~ for the people’s sake。 for (the) sake of 。 on the grounds of。 in+名詞 +with： in mon with。 in front of。 Ⅲ .介詞、從屬連詞和副詞 1. 介詞和連詞都具有關(guān)聯(lián)或連接功能，比較 ： the day when she arrived of her arrival 注：①辨別兩種詞類(lèi)的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：介詞引導(dǎo)的是名詞 性或名詞化補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，而與之相對(duì)的從屬連詞引導(dǎo) 一個(gè)從屬分句（從句）。 ： （ 1）兩個(gè)詞 ： 副詞 /形容詞 /連詞 +介詞 as for, except for, but for apart from, away from, aside from, as from, ahead of, back of, because of, instead of, out of, outside of, regardless of, according to, as to, close to, contrary to, due to, near (er) to, next to, on to, owing to, thanks to, up to。 in favor of。 in contact with。 on the part of。 in addition to。 on。 at the North Pole。 in a park。 off。 below。 He was standing by/beside the door. [at the side of] He was killed by an inch. I left the keys with my wallet. [in the same place] Beside Mary there stood a young man.[ at the side of]