人工智能與專家系統(tǒng)(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 間。許多16位計(jì)算機(jī)可以傳輸并且處理32位數(shù)據(jù)，但是需要兩個(gè)機(jī)器周期從存儲(chǔ)器里取數(shù)據(jù)和2倍多的時(shí)間去處理。大多數(shù)八位機(jī)是在一千美元以下的，但更強(qiáng)大的16位微型機(jī)賣2000美元或者更多。一些昂貴的專用的巨型計(jì)算機(jī)甚至擁有60或64位字長(zhǎng)。16位的計(jì)算機(jī)處理16位的數(shù)據(jù)，32位的計(jì)算機(jī)處理32位的數(shù)據(jù)。在32位機(jī)上，可以傳輸32位的地址。計(jì)算機(jī)字長(zhǎng)影響的處理速度，內(nèi)存容量，精度和成本。總線，正如帶裝傳輸線組成的并行線路，連接了計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)部部件并且用于連接系統(tǒng)中的輔助存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。在這些元件間的數(shù)據(jù)流用來執(zhí)行處理器發(fā)出的指令。計(jì)算機(jī)高級(jí)語言以及計(jì)算機(jī)接口和文字處理器的存在歸因于對(duì)人工智能的研究。但是，這些系統(tǒng)能代替人類的專家到什么程度呢？或者說它們可以完全代替嗎？例如，有些人曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為，一種智能電腦可能代替人控制核武器，并以計(jì)算機(jī)可以更快地對(duì)威脅作出反應(yīng)為例。它的工作過程很像是一名偵探來解決一個(gè)謎。人工智能就像小孩一樣，需要教于善良、好的行為和智慧。我們利用機(jī)器的地方越多，需要我們的工作就越少。他說如果計(jì)算機(jī)能過欺騙人類史人們相信它也是人，那么計(jì)算機(jī)就應(yīng)該稱為智能。 this small word size limits their memory capacity, processing speed, and precision. More expensive micros and most miniputers use a 16bit word, giving them greater speed, more main memory, and greater precision. Mainframes are typically constructed around a 32bit word, and, consequently, are even bigger, even faster, and even more precise. Some expensive scientific“superputersSecondly, we must be prepared to learn about the capabilities of AI. The more use we get out of the machines the less work is required by us. In turn less injuries and stress to human beings. Human beings are a species that learn by trying, and we must be prepared to give AI a chance seeing AI as a blessing, not an inhibition.Finally, we need to be prepared for the worst of AI. Something as revolutionary as AI is sure to have many kinks to work out. There is always that fear that if AI is learning based, will machines learn that being rich and successful is good thing, then wage war against economic powers and famous people? There are so many things that can go wrong with a new system so we must be as prepared as we can be for this new technology.However, even though the fear of the machines are there, their capabilities are infinite. Whatever we teach AI, they will suggest in the future if a positive oute arrives from it. AI are like children that need to be taught to be kind, well mannered and intelligent. If they are to make important decisions, they should be wise. We as citizens need to make sure AI programmers are keeping things on the level. We should be sure they are doing the job correctly, so that no future accidents occur.Top Down Approaches: Expert SystemsIn the quest to create intelligent machines, the field of Artificial Intelligence has split into several different approaches base on the opinions about the most promising methods and theories. These rivaling theories have lead researchers in one of two basic approaches: bottomup and topdown. Bottomup theorists believe the best way to achieve artificial intelligence is to build electronic replicas of the human brain’s plex network of neurons, while the topdown approach attempts to mimic the brain’s behavior with puter programs.Because of the large storage capacity of puters, expert systems had the potential to interpret statistics, in order to formulate rules. An expert system works much like a detective solve
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