【正文】 unfortable for thestudents and teachers alike.Case 35:A QuarrelThis case can reflect the different use and understanding of silence can influence the actualintercultural munication. Different culture might have different interpretations to the silence.The Eastern culture usually attaches more meanings to silence, while the most western culturesconsider silence to be absence of munication and most rude municative behavior. In thiscase, Li Hua wanted to provide the opportunity for them to calm down and think about the matterscarefully and so she kept silence, while this silence was misunderstood by Smith as the absence ofmunication and he might think Li Hua looked down upon him and became angrier.Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My ArmThis case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Differentcultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring themicrospace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively closedistance when municating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider bodytouch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly,so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, eventhough Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.Case 37:What’s wrong?This case can reflect different gestures can represent different meanings in different culturesand misuse of some gestures can lead to ineffective intercultural munication. For example, themon “OK” gesture means being good and friendly in some western countries such as USA,while in Latin America it represent something dirty and obscene. Therefore, in this case, thegesture of the American politician is really a disaster and it hurt the people in this Latin Americancountry and also made himself to be unwele person.Case 38:An American Librarian’s PuzzleThis case can reflect the meanings shown by facial expressions and gestures differ accordingto different cultures in intercultural munication. For example, the smile in China can conveylots of meaning, such as being friendly and attentive and nodding one’s head in China is notalways to say “yes”, sometimes it is just to say “I’m listening.” While in USA, nodding one’s headand smiling is usually to say “yes” and show agreement. Therefore, in this case, the AmericanLibrarian misunderstood the Chinese student Zhu Xiaohua’s facial expression and gesture–nodding and smiling and felt quite puzzled.Case 39:Marriage and Social StatusShaheed was disappointed, but he understood the problem and accepted the situation.However, in part because of different worldviews, this story really bothers .many Americans.How many differences in worldviews did you recognize in this experience? I count at leastfive. For example, an American would have felt that the hierarchical nature of the situation thathelped to establish the concern in the first place was inherently wrong. Shaheed and thewoman would be seen as equals. In addition, if there were to be any differences betweenthe two, they should have been determined by achievement, not ascribed to the individualsby birth. Third, the decision to go with what is wanted by the families or groups involved is inline with a collectivistic approach rather than an individualistic approach, which would haveencouraged each person to do what was best for him or herself. Fourth, Shaheed39。 the person wants to stop the argument by not talking any more. The latter wouldoften mean tolerance as one has to resist the impulse of reasoning with the other, especially whenone feels he/she is right. When Ning Tong became quite, he was hoping that his silence could stopTom since Tom would not have anything to respond to.Tom was clearly frustrated at not being able to relax and enjoy some programs connectedwith what is happening back home. Tom probably thought Ning Tong’s decision to stop arguingwas “passive aggression” making the other person look bad by pretending to be mildmanneredor even not interestedyet not yielding in an argument.Case 43:The Improvement Does Not WorkFollowing their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectlyfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups. However, asPark Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poorperformance. In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotionand advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. Incollectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive andproductive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures. But cultures are notpure. Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members ofindividualist cultures may value collectivist ideals. For example, Denmark is a country with bothcollectivistic and individualistic tendencies. In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through adevotion to established traditions and customs. Regarding ine and social rank, Danes arestaunchly egalitarian. At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to benonconformist and to stand out from the group. In this way, Danes may be at the theoreticalmidpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner?Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below,Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possessesa relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, es from a cult