畢業(yè)論文-淺析余華小說的悲憫性——以活著為例(存儲版)
【正文】 篇論文以余華小說的悲憫性為立論，通過分析《活著》和《許三觀賣血記》中的悲憫性，余華小說悲憫性存在的原因及意義，意在彰顯余華獨道的生命意識，生存哲學(xué)及人道主義關(guān)懷。s fiction, intended to show the life consciousness of yu hua independence road, philosophy of life and humanitarian concern. Yu hua has carried on the deep thinking to the passion of the protagonist, in the face of suffering, readers from hero to see the powerful force of patience, learn how to face the bitter.Key words: ALIVE，XU THROUGH BLOOD ，CompassionII目錄目 錄1引言12余華小說中的悲憫性1 《活著》中的悲憫性 2．1承受苦難2 3．2態(tài)度樂觀4 《許三觀賣血記》中的悲憫性5．1消解苦難5．2生命意識63余華小說悲憫性的存在原因7 余華的生存哲學(xué)7 余華的寫作意愿84余華小說悲憫性存在的意義 85總結(jié)9參考文獻(xiàn)11致謝12Ⅲ泰山學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文1 引 言作家余華的小說中存在著一個一脈相承，屹立不倒的主題，那就是對人類生存的關(guān)注，他對人類生存的價值的探索傾注了更多心血，在他的前期作品中他表達(dá)這種關(guān)注卻采取了一種別具一格的敘述方式，那就是無所顧忌地描寫人類生存的困境、暴力、殘酷、血腥等。他被迫從軍，自己命懸一線可他還得目睹成百上千的無辜士兵死去；老母離世，他連母親最后一眼都未曾看到；兒子為給縣長夫人輸血而死；女兒難產(chǎn)而死；女婿在工地遭遇意外事故而死；妻子得病而死，最后與福貴相依為命的外甥竟因吃黃豆而撐死，終了只剩得福貴孤身一人。這里所說的高尚不是那種單純的美好，而是對一切事物理解之后的超然，對善與惡一視同仁，用同情的目光看待世界?！叭棠汀彼且环N柔韌的精神，是克服苦難的源泉。她悉心地照顧婆婆直到她安祥離世，為了生活她披星戴月，謀得一份送水的差使。春生是福貴同一個戰(zhàn)壕里的戰(zhàn)友，他們共同躲過了槍林彈雨他們在與死亡的抗?fàn)幹薪Y(jié)下了深厚的友誼。[7]他的出場讓人絲毫聯(lián)想不到曾經(jīng)在他身上發(fā)生過那么多不幸的事情。《許三觀賣血記》中的悲憫性小說中的主人公許三觀為了結(jié)婚、養(yǎng)家、護(hù)家、救子前后一共十二次買血，而血在老百姓的思想中就是命的根，是生命的源泉，換句話說許三觀是用命在養(yǎng)家，用自己的命對抗天災(zāi)人禍。” [9]困難時期，三個兒子餓得眼冒金星，許三觀突發(fā)奇想，在他生日的時候用嘴給每一個人炒了一道菜?！?[10]他給兒子做完了紅燒肉又給妻子做了一條清燉鯉魚，最后為自己炒了一道爆炒豬肝。人性中的善又一次彰顯了它的光輝，這也體現(xiàn)了余華有高度的同情心，他一直用帶有關(guān)切的眼神關(guān)注著處于生存困境的人們。我們只從它對人生的苦難來說，在基督教來看每一個人類需要面對的苦難都是神賦予我們的人生的十字架，這是來自人類無法去掉的原罪，所以這種苦難不是來拒絕的而是包容和承受。[14]許三觀帶領(lǐng)全家與苦難斗爭，苦難不斷，盡管很無奈，但他仍用古老的生存方式即賣血支撐著整個家，活著如此艱難就不能計較活著的狀態(tài)，也就顧不上冷熱榮辱了，無論如何都要活下去，“好死不如賴活”，這是一種“為活著本身而活著”的意識，是一種樂觀的心態(tài)。他在《許三觀賣血記》中，以博大的溫情描繪了磨難中的人生，透過樸實簡潔的敘述，表達(dá)了他對民間生活狀況和生存環(huán)境的極大關(guān)注。余華賦予福貴活下去的特質(zhì)那就是學(xué)會忍耐，并且這種忍耐是建立在強(qiáng)大的親情，人性的愛的基礎(chǔ)上的。世界上總有一些人活得無憂無慮，快樂而幸福，但更有一些人正為解決溫飽而努力打拼，風(fēng)餐露宿，起早貪黑，甚至乞討為生，想想他們，“活著”就變得特別簡單，活著的真諦就是“活著”，“活著”就是最大的幸福。 trust, 158 . 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 [1895]). After many years of debate and promise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on ine without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the ine tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the . ine tax system has bee very plex. In 1913 the ine tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation。Italia, 536 . 238, 122 S. Ct. 2117, 153 L. Ed. 2d 280 (2002), upheld the IRS aggregate method of reporting tip ine. Instead of requiring the IRS to make individual determinations of unreported tips for each employee when calculating FICA tax, the Court held that the IRS could make employers report their gross sales on a monthly statement to help determine tip ine. Employees also must report their tip ine monthly on a form. The IRS then uses these two pieces of information to calculate what the employer needs to contribute in FICA tax. 。 disdain for this taxation without representation (socalled because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the . Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Ine tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flatrate ine tax was imposed in 1867. The ine tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Ine tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed
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