土木工程外文翻譯(存儲版)
【正文】 ssed concrete bridges built in Washington State in the 1960’s were designed with little or no attention to seismic forces. Seismic provisions that guarantee appropriate ductility and acceptable seismic performance such as confinement, rebar splice length and girder seatlength were not considered. Only couple of girder stops where used tosupport the bridge deck against accidental lateral movement. Longitudinal restrainers were not monly provided, as the contact length between the girders and the top of the cap beam was assumed to be sufficient to acmodate longitudinal displacement. Abutments were typically seattype supported on strip footing or timber piles. Recently, Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has menced a prehensive seismic analysis program to evaluate the vulnerability of the exiting bridges under a seismic event and to determine the most effective retrofit alternative. The Bridge investigated in this study is one of the representative MSSS prestressed bridges built in WA. The bridge was built in the 1960’s and widened twice from its both sides, in 1979 and 2001. Apparently, the last widening was conducted based on more conservative seismic design and detailing provisions, where confinement and lapsplice requirements were improved. The primary objective of this research project is to determine the seismic vulnerability of the bridge in order to develop the required retrofit measure. The seismic vulnerability of the bridge is evaluated using two seismic evaluation methods presented in the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges [1], namely, Method C and Method D2.8?？拐鹨?guī)范規(guī)定一定要保證適當(dāng)?shù)难诱剐院秃侠淼目拐鹦阅?，比如鋼筋閉合長度、搭接長度和梁支座長度可以不予考慮，只有一組梁是用來抵抗支承橋面發(fā)生橫向運(yùn)動的。waste management.INTRODUCTIONDespite the economic and environmental benefits of concrete produced with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA)1 dubbed RCAconcrete, the construction industry has not embraced it, especially for structural applications, partly d
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