【正文】 emperature change The concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step footpath among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change 1, Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to construct measure coordinate , through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes the range with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel , the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape . Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure mon reason most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly 3, Lower the temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sunset ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send out heat, cause inside very much high temperature, the internal and external difference in temperature is too large, cause the surface to appear in the crack. Should according to actual conditions in constructing, is it choose heat of hydration low cement variety to try one39。s shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too shallow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide ,etc. reason for instance, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be pressed again. So, the condition of original ground change while using may cause and does not subside evenly Produce the structure thing of horizontal thrust to arched bridge ,etc., it is the main reason that horizontal displacement crack emerges to destroy the original geological condition when to that it is unreasonable to grasp inpletely , design and construct in the geological situation. 橋梁裂縫產(chǎn)生原因淺析 近年來，我省交通基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)得到迅猛發(fā)展，各地 建立了 大量的混凝土橋梁。裂縫產(chǎn)生的原因有： （一） 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算階段，結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算時(shí)不計(jì)算或部分漏算；計(jì)算模型不合理；結(jié)構(gòu)受力假設(shè)與實(shí)際受力不符；荷載少算或漏算；內(nèi)力與配筋計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤；結(jié)構(gòu)安全系數(shù)不夠。研究表明，受力構(gòu)件挖孔后，力流將產(chǎn)生繞射現(xiàn)象，在孔洞附近密集，產(chǎn)生巨大的應(yīng)力集中。荷載裂縫特征依荷載不同而異呈現(xiàn)不同的特點(diǎn)。 （三） 受彎。 （六） 受剪。 二、 溫度變化引起的裂縫 混凝土具有熱脹冷縮性質(zhì)，當(dāng)外部環(huán)境或結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部溫度發(fā)生變化，混凝土將發(fā)生變形，若變形遭到約束，則在結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)將產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力，當(dāng)應(yīng)力超過混凝土抗拉強(qiáng)度時(shí)即產(chǎn)生溫度裂縫。橋面板、主梁或橋墩側(cè)面受太陽(yáng)曝曬后，溫度明顯高于其它部位，溫度梯度呈非線形分布。施工中應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，盡量選擇水化熱低的水泥品種，限制水泥單位用量，減少骨料入模溫度，降低內(nèi)外溫差，并緩慢降溫，必要時(shí)可采用循環(huán)冷卻系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行內(nèi)部散熱，或采用薄層連續(xù)澆筑以加快散熱。發(fā)生在施工過程中、混凝土澆筑后 4~5小時(shí)左右，此時(shí)水泥水化反應(yīng)激烈，分子鏈逐漸形成，出現(xiàn)泌水和水分急劇蒸發(fā)，混凝土失水收縮，同時(shí)骨料因自重下沉，因此時(shí)混凝土尚未硬化，稱為塑性收縮。混凝土硬化后收縮主要就是縮水收縮。 混凝土收縮裂縫的特點(diǎn)是大部分屬表面裂縫，裂縫寬度較細(xì)，且縱橫交錯(cuò)，成龜裂狀，形狀沒有任何規(guī)律。 （三） 水灰比。 （六） 外界環(huán)境。 四、 地基礎(chǔ)變形引起的裂縫 由于基礎(chǔ)豎向不均勻沉降或水平方向位移，使結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生附加應(yīng)力，超出混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗拉能力，導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)開裂。 （四）結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)類型差別大。 （八） 橋梁建成以后，原有地基條件變化。對(duì)于拱橋等產(chǎn)生水平推力的結(jié)構(gòu)物，對(duì)地質(zhì)情況掌握不夠、設(shè)計(jì)不合理和施工時(shí)破壞了原有地質(zhì)條件是產(chǎn)生水平位移裂縫的主要原因。因此地基的冰凍或融化均可造成不均勻沉降。 （三） 結(jié)構(gòu)荷載差異太大。對(duì)于溫度和收縮 引起的裂縫，增配構(gòu)造鋼筋可明顯提 高混凝土的抗裂性，尤其是薄壁結(jié) （壁厚 20~60cm）。養(yǎng)護(hù)時(shí)保持濕度越高、氣溫越低、養(yǎng)護(hù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，則混凝土收縮越小。骨料中石英、石灰?guī)r、白云巖、花崗巖、長(zhǎng)石等吸水率較小、收縮性較低；而砂巖、板巖、角閃巖等吸水率較大、收縮性較高。炭化收縮只有在濕度 50%左右才能發(fā)生，且隨二氧化碳的濃度的增加而加快?；炷两Y(jié)硬以后，隨著表層水分逐步蒸發(fā)，濕度逐步降低，混凝土體積減小，稱為縮水收縮（干縮）。在混凝土收縮種類中，塑性收縮和縮水收縮（干縮）是發(fā)生混凝土體積變形的主要原因，另外還有自生收縮和炭化收縮 。 （四） 水化熱?？紤]到混凝土的蠕變特性，年溫差內(nèi)力計(jì)算時(shí)混凝土彈性模量應(yīng)考慮折減。 （九） 局部受壓。 （五） 小偏心受壓。 （二） 中心受壓。例如現(xiàn)在對(duì)預(yù)應(yīng)力、徐變等產(chǎn)生的二次應(yīng)力，不少平面桿系有限元程序均可正確計(jì)算，但在 40年前卻比較困難。例如兩鉸拱橋拱腳設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)常采用布置“ X”形鋼筋、同時(shí)削減該處斷面尺寸的辦法設(shè)計(jì)鉸，理論計(jì)算該處不會(huì)存在彎矩，但實(shí)際該鉸仍然能夠抗彎，以至出現(xiàn)裂縫而導(dǎo)致鋼筋銹蝕。 這種混凝土橋梁裂縫 ，就其產(chǎn)生的原因，大致可劃分如下幾種： 一、荷載引起的裂縫 混凝土橋梁在常規(guī)靜、動(dòng)荷載及次應(yīng)力下產(chǎn)生的裂縫稱荷載裂縫，歸納起來主要有直接應(yīng)力裂縫、次應(yīng)力裂縫兩種。t fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the pressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides