土木工程論文英語翻譯(存儲版)
【正文】 ? Will be available over the lifetime of the building. ? Are widely available and have high replication potential for future ZEBs. A good ZEB definition should first encourage energy efficiency, and then use renewable energy sources available on site. A building that buys all its energy from a wind farm or other central location has little incentive to reduce building loads, which is why we refer to this as an offsite ZEB. Efficiency measures or energy conversion devices such as daylighting or bined heat and power devices cannot be considered onsite production in the ZEB context. Fuel cells and microturbines do not generate energy。 （ 2020年） 。佐治亞州亞特蘭大：美國的暖氣學(xué)會，制冷與空調(diào)工程師。我們希望該大樓將成為一個(gè)有地點(diǎn) ,來源 ,排放的零能源建筑 ,但是維持一個(gè)沒有進(jìn)一步需求的管理和控制是很困難的。源是指用于生成和網(wǎng)站提供能源的主要能源。提高效率的措施（采光）或能源轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備（熱力組合設(shè)備）是不能當(dāng)場制作的。所有這些可再生資源 (煤、自然氣體）類的常規(guī)能源都更受歡迎。離網(wǎng)型建筑物不能把他們多余的能源傳輸?shù)诫娋W(wǎng)以抵消其他能源消耗。零耗能建筑產(chǎn)生了足夠的可再生能源，其數(shù)量甚至超過了需求量。商業(yè)建筑領(lǐng)域的能源消耗將繼續(xù)增加。零能耗建筑的定義是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)材料需求面或供應(yīng)策略，燃料轉(zhuǎn)換與價(jià)值都能完全符合零 耗能建筑的目標(biāo) .研究結(jié)果共分為四個(gè)論據(jù)充分的定義：凈零能源網(wǎng)站，凈零能源資源，凈零能源成本，凈零能源排放。在這片文章里，我們以當(dāng)前一代低耗能為樣本，探索了零耗能的概念：他究竟是什么？為什么一個(gè)明確的可度量的定義是必須的？關(guān)于零耗能的目標(biāo)，我們究竟有何進(jìn)展？ 零能耗目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)方式的定義影響著設(shè)計(jì)者們真正實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)概率以及他們是否能夠宣告成功。從 1980到 2020年，商業(yè)建筑領(lǐng)域的電力消費(fèi)整整增加了一倍，并且估計(jì)到 2020 還會增加 50%（ EIA2020）。 零耗能建筑的中心概念是：低價(jià)，易得，無污染，能源可再生，可以滿足建筑物的所有能源需求。盡管離網(wǎng)型建筑的電力能源是獨(dú)立的，但他們還是通常依賴外部能源如丙烷活其他燃料來做飯、供暖、熱水和備用發(fā)電機(jī)。當(dāng)今典型的可用技術(shù)有：太陽能熱水器，水力發(fā)電機(jī)以及生物燃料。這就是我們將零耗能建筑中心建立在場區(qū)外的的原因。 凈零能源來源： 提及能源，一個(gè)源零能耗建筑產(chǎn)生至少他一年所消耗的相同的能源。而美國正在安裝另一個(gè)100千瓦的光伏系統(tǒng)在停車場 (總裝機(jī)直流能力將 160千瓦 ),這將會進(jìn)入建筑物的電力系統(tǒng)。 ANSI / ASHRAE / IESNA標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 低層住宅建節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 [3]Golden,co ：國家可再生能源實(shí)驗(yàn) 聯(lián)。 pluses and minuses of each are discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of lowenergy buildings for which extensive energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts of the definition used for ZEB and the large difference between definitions. It also looks atsample utility rate structures and their impact on the zero energy scenarios Introduction Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the environment. Commercial and residential buildings use almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately 70% of the electricity in the United States (EIA 2020). The energy used by the building sector continues to increase, primarily because new buildings are constructed faster than old ones are retired. Electricity consumption in the mercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2020, and is expected to increase another 50% by 2025 (EIA 2020). Energy consumption in the mercial building sector will continue to increase until buildings can be designed to produce enough energy to offset the growing energy demand of these buildings. Toward this end, the . Department of Energy (DOE) has established an aggressive goal to create the technology and knowledge base for costeffective zeroenergy mercial buildings (ZEBs) by 2025. In concept, a ZEB is a building with greatly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of the energy needs can be supplied by renewable technologies. Despite our use of the phrase “zero energy,” we lack a mon definition—or a mon understanding—of what it means. In this paper, we use a sample of current generation lowenergy buildings to explore the concept of zero energy—what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we have progressed toward the ZEB goal. ZeroEnergy Buil
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