【正文】 smog is severe, I39。 附件：外文原文 Congestion and Sustainable Development of Urban Transportation system Abstract The rapid growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban transportation system that is economically, environmentally and socially unsustainable. The result has been a relentless increase in traffic congestion. Road congestion pricing has been proposed many times as an economic measure to fight congestion in urban traffic, but has not seen widespread use in practice because of Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown. he paper first reviews the concept of sustainable transportation system, which should meet the goals of economic development, environmental protection and social justice collectively. And then, based on the characteristics of sustainable transportation system, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined. Examination result shows that congestion pricing is a powerful way to promote the sustainable development of urban transportation system. Introduction Urban transportation is a pressing concern in mega cities around the world. Along with China’s rapid development of urbanization and motorization, traffic jams has bee a more and more serious problem, resulting in greater time delay, increase of energy consumption and air pollution, decrease of reliability of road work. In many cities traffic congestion is seen as a hindrance to economic development. Numerous methods can be used to address congestion and reduce transport density, including building new infrastructure, improving maintenance and operation of infrastructure, and using the existing infrastructure more efficiently through demand management strategies, including pricing mechanisms. Congestion pricing has long been proposed as an effective measure to bat traffic congestion. The principle objective of congestion pricing is to alleviate congestion by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak time periods. By shifting some trips to offpeak periods, to routes away from congested facilities, or to higheroccupancy vehicles, or by discouraging some trips altogether, congestion pricing schemes would result in savings in time and operating costs, improvements in air quality, reductions in energy consumption and improvements in transit productivity. There are lots of successful applications in some countries and regions in the rest of the world. Following Singapore in the early 1970s and Norwegian toll rings in the mid1980s, the city of London introduced its area toll in February 2022。 五、結論 隨著持續(xù)增長的交通需求和道路基礎設施的擴展范圍減少，交通擁堵的現象是不會減少 。這是平等地獲得一個干凈的環(huán)境和對環(huán)境可能造成的危害，不論收入，階級或其他鑒別特征的社會經濟地位 受到 平等保護。它已被接受的任何形式的道路收費將引入一些不公平現象。加州空氣資源委員會指出 車輛的擁堵走走停停 顯著增加了排放量。交通運輸對環(huán)境的影響，涵蓋了不同的影響，包括空氣污染，噪音，氣候變化的范圍，例如。零售活動的位置也是由個人 首選 的 購物場所。車輛在交通運輸系統(tǒng) 中 ，意味著用戶的成本是由 MPC表示，一個邊際的用戶將增加平均用戶成本 MPC +△ MPC。那么擁塞的定價策略如何有效減少交通堵塞，減少污染物和溫室氣體排放，減少燃料使用，并減少當前交通運輸系統(tǒng)的其他不利影響 呢 ？ 交通擁堵收費的基本經濟原則，可以在圖 1 所示。 在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的運輸系統(tǒng)背景下，擁擠收費如何能夠促進經濟增長，環(huán)境保護和社會正義，是本文研究的課題。此計劃在世界很多國家和地方都有成功的應用。研究結果表 明，交通擁堵收費是一個 切實有效 的方式，可以促進城市交通系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。然后，根據可持續(xù)交通系統(tǒng)的特點，使擁擠收費能夠促進經濟增長，環(huán)境保護和社會正義。轉移非高峰期一些出行路線，遠離擁擠的設施或高占用車輛，或完全阻止一些出行 ，交通擁堵收費 計劃將在節(jié)省時間和降低經營成本的基礎上，改善空氣中的質量，減少 能源消耗和改善過境生產力。 ”可持續(xù)運輸系統(tǒng)的要求是 當前和未來幾代的可持續(xù)發(fā)展 的要求 ，即經 濟發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護和社會正義的主要支柱之間的動態(tài)平衡。 任何可持續(xù)的交通管理政策應符合提高交通運輸對經濟發(fā)展的目標的影響，并且沒有造成不利的環(huán)境影響和經濟的進一步增長。 圖 1交通擁堵收費的影響 如果有 241。產生了相反的論調，不過，減少交通擠塞，應該是服務于更 廣泛的業(yè)務 ，以降低成本，使他們成為更具有競爭力的國家。據報道，中國是二氧化碳排放大國，有 7 個城市在世界嚴重污染的城市名單中。從車輛樣本分析不同的駕駛條件下的排放量 這是自然的 。這些參數可以通過制定更加靈活的收費制度，在一定程度上抵消。 環(huán)境公平是指環(huán)境質量的社會分配（特別是 二氧化氮分布）。如何使用稅收，改善城市交通系統(tǒng)的效率， 在可持續(xù)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了關鍵作用。期待有益的意見和建議，以改善本文。s work can be a way to unwind. It is true for He Wenjun, whose workplace is right near the forest park. She discovered her athletic aptitude at the age of seven, when she began playing tennis. Then she turned to jogging, and she has persevered with it for 10 years. I e to jog almost every day after work, whenever I have time. I think jogging is good for my health. And for me, a girl, it helps me to achieve to eternal goal, to keep slim, He said. He says she prefers jogging alone, so she can focus better. She loves jogging, even during Beijing39。s suggestion that a special day be marked in the year for the global practice of the stressbusting regimen, which is already a multibillion dollar industry in the United States. Modi said in the speech: Yoga is an invaluable gift of India39。s health. Poor technique harms the muscles and skeleton, and can cause secondary injures. And, jogging in a bad environment can cause circulation problems, said Lu Zhiyong, attending doctor, Sports Hospital, General Admin. of . Lu has some tips for joggers, and those who are thinking of taking it says people sh ould first evaluate their physical condition, to decide the amount and type of exercise, and jogging in the open air is better running on a treadmill. Conrad Macao will run special programs for the entire month of October this year to support the Hong Kong Cancer Fund39。 hence the best scheme design may be different for each application city. As can be seen, social justice is most difficult to address, and practices indicate that the revenue from road pricing plays a crucial role. If the revenue is recycle to permit investment in public transport, or maintenance of higher service levels, it helps to provide a clear alternative, which both reinforces the impact on mode choice and reduces the concern of those on whom the charge is imposed. If it is used to improve the road infrastructure, it can be seen that traffic diverted from the controlled area is being catered for. If it is used to pay for environmental improvements, it will help to reinforce the wider benefits of charging. How to use the rev