【正文】 16–37 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Designing Appropriate Rewards Programs ?Openbook management ? Involving employees in workplace decision by opening up the financial statements of the employer. ?Employee recognition programs ? Giving personal attention and expressing interest, approval, and appreciation for a job well done. ?Payforperformance ? Variable pensation plans that reward employees on the basis of their performance: – Piece rates, wage incentives, profitsharing, and lumpsum bonuses 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–42 Terms to Know ? motivation ? hierarchy of needs theory ? physiological needs ? safety needs ? social needs ? esteem needs ? selfactualization needs ? Theory X ? Theory Y ? motivationhygiene theory ? hygiene factors ? motivators ? threeneeds theory ? need for achievement (nAch) ? need for power (nPow) ? need for affiliation (nAff) ? goalsetting theory ? selfefficacy ? reinforcement theory ? reinforcers ? job design ? job scope ? job enlargement 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–35 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Motivating Professionals ?Characteristics of professionals ? Strong and longterm mitment to their field of expertise. ? Loyalty is to their profession, not to the employer. ? Have the need to regularly update their knowledge. ? Don’t define their workweek as 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. ?Motivators for professionals ? Job challenge ? Organizational support of their work 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–27 Motivation and Perception (cont’d) ? Equity Theory (cont’d) ?Distributive justice ? The perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals (., who received what). – Influences an employee’s satisfaction. ?Procedural justice ? The perceived fairness of the process use to determine the distribution of rewards (., how who received what). – Affects an employee’s anizational mitment. 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–19 Designing Motivating Jobs ? Job Design ?The way into which tasks can be bined to form plete jobs. ?Factors influencing job design: ? Changing anizational environment/structure ? The anization’s technology ? Employees’ skill, abilities, and preferences ?Job enlargement ? Increasing the job’s scope (number and frequency of tasks) ?Job enrichment ? Increasing responsibility and autonomy (depth) in a job. 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–11 Exhibit 16–2 Herzberg’s MotivationHygiene Theory 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–4 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Current Issues in Motivation ? Describe the crosscultural challenges of motivation. ? Discuss the challenges managers face in motivating unique groups of workers. ? Describe openbook management, employee recognition, payforperformance, and stock option programs. 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–3 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Contemporary Theories of Motivation ? Describe the three needs McClelland proposed as being present in work settings. ? Explain how goalsetting and rein