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2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–42 Terms to Know ? motivation ? hierarchy of needs theory ? physiological needs ? safety needs ? social needs ? esteem needs ? selfactualization needs ? Theory X ? Theory Y ? motivationhygiene theory ? hygiene factors ? motivators ? threeneeds theory ? need for achievement (nAch) ? need for power (nPow) ? need for affiliation (nAff) ? goalsetting theory ? selfefficacy ? reinforcement theory ? reinforcers ? job design ? job scope ? job enlargement 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–40 Exhibit 16–11 (cont’d) Remendations for Designing Stock Options Source: P. Brandes, R. Dharwadkar, and . Lemesis, “Effective Employee Stock Option Design: Reconciling Stakeholder, Strategic, and Motivational Factors,” Academy of Management Executive, February 2022, p. 84. 169。 they bee worthless if the stock price falls below the option price. 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–37 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Designing Appropriate Rewards Programs ?Openbook management ? Involving employees in workplace decision by opening up the financial statements of the employer. ?Employee recognition programs ? Giving personal attention and expressing interest, approval, and appreciation for a job well done. ?Payforperformance ? Variable pensation plans that reward employees on the basis of their performance: – Piece rates, wage incentives, profitsharing, and lumpsum bonuses 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–35 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Motivating Professionals ?Characteristics of professionals ? Strong and longterm mitment to their field of expertise. ? Loyalty is to their profession, not to the employer. ? Have the need to regularly update their knowledge. ? Don’t define their workweek as 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. ?Motivators for professionals ? Job challenge ? Organizational support of their work 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–33 Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) ? Motivating Unique Groups of Workers ?Motivating a diverse workforce through flexibility: ? Men desire more autonomy than do women. ? Women desire learning opportunities, flexible work schedules, and good interpersonal relations. 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–31 Exhibit 16–10 Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–29 Exhibit 16–9 Simplified Expectancy Model 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–27 Motivation and Perception (cont’d) ? Equity Theory (cont’d) ?Distributive justice ? The perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals (., who received what). – Influences an employee’s satisfaction. ?Procedural justice ? The perceived fairness of the process use to determine the distribution of rewards (., how who received what). – Affects an employee’s anizational mitment. 169。 2022 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–25 Motivation and Perception (cont’d) ? Equity Theory (cont’d) ?Employee responses to perceived inequities: ? Distort own or others’ ratios. ? Induce others to change their own inputs or outes. ? Change own inputs (increase or decrease efforts) or outes (seek greater rewards).