【正文】 e Opportunity Rationalization Fraud 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 17 Arthur Levitt’s Comments on ― Number Game‖ ? 5 Methods Game Playing identified by Levitt – Bigbath charges ( 洗大澡或巨額沖銷(xiāo)） – Creative acquisition accounting （創(chuàng)造性并購(gòu)會(huì)計(jì)） – Cookjar reserves （甜餅盒式準(zhǔn)備金） – Revenue recognition （收入確認(rèn)） – Materiality （重大性） 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 18 GAO : Restatement by Reason, 199720xx 30510152025303540收入確認(rèn) 成本費(fèi)用其他資產(chǎn)減值 收購(gòu)兼并 證券問(wèn)題重分類(lèi)IPRamp。 MV $15 billion?？偼顿Y 34,（購(gòu)買(mǎi)奇圣膠囊 31,800萬(wàn)元，購(gòu)買(mǎi)張恒春藥業(yè)股權(quán) 元） …… 公司于 20xx年 10月 16日至 17日在通化市召開(kāi)了“奇圣膠囊銷(xiāo)售代理招商大會(huì)”，與全國(guó) 176家醫(yī)藥經(jīng)銷(xiāo)單位簽定了“奇圣膠囊經(jīng)銷(xiāo)協(xié)議”，總金額 ，其中現(xiàn)款現(xiàn)貨 ，預(yù)售 ……奇圣膠囊區(qū)域經(jīng)銷(xiāo)拍賣(mài)總成交金額 1450萬(wàn)元 …… 公司主打產(chǎn)品“奇圣膠囊”，由于市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作不利，銷(xiāo)路不暢，上年度以及本年上半年部分已銷(xiāo)售的“奇圣膠囊”藥品出現(xiàn)銷(xiāo)售退回，沖減了本期營(yíng)業(yè)收入，致使 20xx年度營(yíng)業(yè)收入大幅下降。調(diào)整原因如下： 項(xiàng) 目 追溯調(diào)整 （ 20xx年以前） 追溯調(diào)整 （ 20xx年度） 備注 壞賬準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整 8,999, 1,054, A 長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整 848, 230, B 利息等費(fèi)用追溯調(diào)整 1,731, 165, C 賠償支出追溯調(diào)整 399, D 代銷(xiāo)收入追溯調(diào)整 231, E 預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債追溯調(diào)整 3,000, F 合 計(jì) 14,579, 1,283, 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 57 PT百花村案例 ―知錯(cuò)必改” – A、壞賬準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整 ? 20xx年 2月本公司收到人民法院”民事裁定書(shū)，由于被執(zhí)行人 XX電器有限公司、 XX有限責(zé)任公司已停業(yè)，無(wú)任何財(cái)產(chǎn)，裁定“支付令”終結(jié)執(zhí)行。目前該借款尚未歸還。A) – If accounting rules and conventions restrict the firm from measuring its ke。應(yīng)進(jìn)行追溯調(diào)整。D – 20xx年報(bào)的解釋 ? 董事會(huì)報(bào)告的說(shuō)明 ? 重大事項(xiàng)說(shuō)明 – 其他疑問(wèn) ? 20xx年研發(fā)費(fèi)用支出多少？是否存在推遲研發(fā)支出時(shí)間的現(xiàn)象？ ? 1999年度是否存在將研發(fā)費(fèi)用資本化的現(xiàn)象？ – 1999年長(zhǎng)期待攤費(fèi)用只有幾十萬(wàn)，但當(dāng)年在建工程增加了 ，研發(fā)費(fèi)用是否混跡其中？ ? R amp。是否存在違法違規(guī)行為？以前年度壞賬準(zhǔn)備計(jì)提比率為何如此之低？ ? 應(yīng)收關(guān)聯(lián)方和非關(guān)聯(lián)方的上述款項(xiàng)全額計(jì)提壞賬準(zhǔn)備，累計(jì)金額高達(dá) 206,302萬(wàn)元。2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 1 財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表粉飾與分析 黃世忠 教授 CPA MBA 廈門(mén)大學(xué)管理學(xué)院副院長(zhǎng) 電話(huà)： 05922513179 13906016965 電子郵件： 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 2 講 授 大 綱 ? 美國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾概述 ? 美國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾的典型手段 – CFE調(diào)查報(bào)告總結(jié)的典型手段 – AICPA最新審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則對(duì)舞弊的描述 – SEC前主席 Arthur Levitt的觀點(diǎn) – 審計(jì)總署（ GAO）的調(diào)查 ? 中國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾的典型手段 – 報(bào)表粉飾的傳統(tǒng)手段 – 報(bào)表粉飾的現(xiàn)代手段 ? 中國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾典型案例分析 ? 財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析框架（ Harward Model of ) ? 附錄： SarbanesOxley Act – 簡(jiǎn)要介紹該法案對(duì)獨(dú)立董事的啟示，特別是與 CPA溝通應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 3 Overview of Financial Fraud 6152293020406080100Enron Xerox Rite Aid WorldComFaked Profit2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 4 Biggest Bankruptcies Since 1980 1070634359 339255 244215 202170 168020040060080010001200WorldComEnronTexacoFCAAdelphiaPGamp。為何聯(lián)系不到？誰(shuí)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任？是否存在違法違規(guī)行為？以前年度壞賬準(zhǔn)備計(jì)提比率為何如此之低？ ? 本年度對(duì)非關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款和其他應(yīng)收款計(jì)提的壞賬準(zhǔn)備也高達(dá) 70,386萬(wàn)元，主要理由是聯(lián)系不到或資不抵債。 D，作為重大會(huì)計(jì)差錯(cuò)進(jìn)行 調(diào)整 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 54 D公司案例 高科技公司的法寶 Ramp。 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 59 PT百花村案例 ―知錯(cuò)必改” – E、代銷(xiāo)收入追溯調(diào)整 ? 系分公司 XX購(gòu)物中心將 20xx年代銷(xiāo)商品產(chǎn)生的收入20xx年未入賬，計(jì)入 20xx年度。 Financial Accounting Linkage Thirdparty Auditing Legal System for Accounting Disputes Business Strategy Scope of Business: Degree of Diversification Type of Diversification Competitive Positioning: Cost Leadership Differentiation Key Success Factors and Risk Accounting Strategy Choice of Acctg Policies Choice of Acctg Estimates Choice of Reporting Format Choice of Supplementary Disclosures 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 67 財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析框架 ? Doing Business Analysis Using Financial Statements Financial Statements Managers’ superior inf on business activities Noise from estimation errors Distortions from managers’ acctg choices Other Public Data Industry and firm data Outside financial statements Business Application Context Credit analysis Securities analysis Mergers and acquisition analysis Debt/dividend analysis Corporate munication strategy analysis General business analysis Analysis Tools Business Strategy Analysis Generate performance expectations through Industry analysis and petitive strategy Analysis Accounting Analysis Evaluate accounting quality By assessing accounting Policies and estimates Financial Analysis Evaluate performance using ratios And cash flow analysis Prospective Analysis Making forecasts and value Business 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 68 會(huì)計(jì)分析 ? Doing Accounting Analysis – Step 1: Identify key accounting policies – Step 2: Access accounting flexibility – Step 3: Evaluate accounting strategy ? Key questions – How do the firm’s accounting policies pare to the norms in the industry? If they are different, is it because the firm’s petitive strategy is unique? – Does management face strong incentives to use accounting discretion for earnings management? – Has the firm changed any of its policies and estimates? What is the justification? What is impact of changes? – Have the firm’s policies and estimates been realistic in the past? – Does the firm structure any significant business transactions so that it can achiev