enrinology內(nèi)分泌總論(存儲版)
【正文】 alactorrhea, in both males and females. ? A specific lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary results in diabetes insipidus(polyuria and polydipsia). Hormones ? Pituitary ? TSH， ACTH， GH， PRL， LH， FSH ? Peripheral gland ? Thyroid： T3， T4 ? Parathyroid： PTH ? Adrenal： cortisol、 aldosterone ? Gonads： T， DHT， E ， P ? Liver： IGF ? kidney： 1， 25(OH)2D3 ? islets： insulin, glucagon（ 胰高血糖素 ） ? Apart from these glands, there are many tissues and cells sparsely distributed in nonendocrine ans, such as the atrium of the heart, the liver, the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract and the adipose tissues. Classification of hormone Hormones are customarily divided into three groups: ? Proteins and peptides: insulin （蛋白質(zhì)和肽類激素） ? Steroids: cortisol （類固醇激素） ? Amino acid analogues: T3, T4 （氨基酸類激素） Steroids ? Tissues which produce steroid hormones include ovary/testis, adrenal cortex, placenta and skin(vitamin D). ? All steroid hormones are based on the precursor molecule cholesterol. Regulation of hormone levels ? Spontaneous, or basal, hormone release ? Feedback inhibition by hormones of their synthesis and/or release ? Stimulation or inhibition of hormone release by substances that may or may not be regulated by the same hormones ? Establishment of circadian rhythms for hormone release by systems such as the brain ? Brain mediated stimulation or inhibition of hormone release in response to anxiety anticipation of a specific activity, or other sensory inputs. Hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal axis ? The hypothalamus produces CRH, which travels down the portal vessels through the hypothalamic stalk to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH release. ? ACTH then travels to the adrenal gland, where it stimulates the release of cortisol. ? Cortisol in turn inhibits both CRH and ACTH release（ feedback inhibition） . ? The brain establishes circadian rhythms and can trigger increased CRH release in response to stress. CRH ACTH cortisol Mechanisms of hormone action ? Peptide and catecholamine hormones and prostaglandins bind to receptors on the cell surface. ? Steroid and thyroid hormones act for the most part by bin
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