enrinology內(nèi)分泌總論(參考版)
2025-05-18 01:40本頁(yè)面
【正文】 release Growth (GH) Many tissues growth Adrenocortico Tropin (ACTH) Adrenal cortex Cortisol release (androgens) Prolactin (Prl) Breast Milk production Follicle (FSH) Gonads Egg/sperm prod. Luteinizing (LH) Gonads Sex hormones ? An excess of growth hormone in children causes giantism. In adults it causes acromegaly. ? dwarfism (lack of growth hormone). ? Excess ACTH overstimulates the adrenal cortex, resulting in Cushing disease. ? Increased prolactin causes milk secretion, or galactorrhea, in both males and females. ? A specific lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary results in diabetes insipidus(polyuria and polydipsia). Hormones ? Pituitary ? TSH， ACTH， GH， PRL， LH， FSH ? Peripheral gland ? Thyroid： T3， T4 ? Parathyroid： PTH ? Adrenal： cortisol、 aldosterone ? Gonads： T， DHT， E ， P ? Liver： IGF ? kidney： 1， 25(OH)2D3 ? islets： insulin, glucagon（ 胰高血糖素 ） ? Apart from these glands, there are many tissues and cells sparsely distributed in nonendocrine ans, such as the atrium of the heart, the liver, the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract and the adipose tissues. Classification of hormone Hormones are customarily divided into three groups: ? Proteins and peptides: insulin （蛋白質(zhì)和肽類激素） ? Steroids: cortisol （類固醇激素） ? Amino acid analogues: T3, T4 （氨基酸類激素） Steroids ? Tissues which produce steroid hormones include ovary/testis, adrenal cortex, placenta and skin(vitamin D). ? All steroid hormones are based on the precursor molecule cholesterol. Regulation of hormone levels ? Spontaneous, or basal, hormone release ? Feedback inhibition by hormones of their synthesis and/or release ? Stimulation or inhibition of hormone release by substances that may or may not be regulated by the same hormones ? Establishment of circadian rhythms for hormone release by systems such as the brain ? Brain mediated stimulation or inhibition of hormone release in response to anxiety anticipation of a specific activity, or other sensory inputs. Hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal axis ? The hypothalamus produces CRH, which travels down the portal vessels through the hypothalamic stalk to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH rel
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