【正文】 mp。 important.(necessary) ? negative context,positive valuepotential gain ? constraints:forces that prevent individuals from doing what they desire ? demands:loss of sth. desired Sources of Stress (1)Environment factors ? Economic uncertainties: downward swings lead to layoffs,reduced pay,shorter workweeks ? Political uncertainties amp。 Organization designs amp。 more rules amp。 rank are minimized, ? break down external boundaries(barriers to constituencies amp。 ambiguity foster the seeds of conflict,power struggle 。get by nicely with less talented ? weakness:subunit conflicts,functional unit goals override 。 employees are less likely to feel alienated from those who make the decisions that affect their work lives ? marked trend toward decentralizing DM,make more flexible,responsive ? The degree to which jobs within the anization are standardized ? negatively related to the job incumbent’s discretion over his job. ? Policy,procedure,ruleprofession ? plexitydivision of labor,vertical levels, geographically dispersed Chap. 14 Organization structure 167。 expect the orders to be obeyed ? unity of mand:a subordinate should have only 1 superior to whom he(she) is directly responsible ? conflicting demands or priorities from superiors ? less relevance today because of amp。 protecting turfdefending your territory from encroachment ethics of behaving politically ? Motivated by selfinterest vs. Organizational goals ? respect the right of other parties ? conforms to standards of equity amp。 interestspotential for conflict over resources ? Scarce resourcesturns potential into real conflict. One gains at the expense of others, petition ? most decisions are made in a climate of ambiguity politicking contributing to politics ? Individual factors: high selfmonitors,internal locus of control, high Machiavellian。 more coalition will be created there being a great deal of task amp。 representatives on crossfunctional teams amp。 the led。 leadership are closely intertwined, leaders use power as a means of attaining goals. patibility between leaders amp。 nonsubstitutable ? importance:who can absorb an anization’s uncertainty will be perceived as important ? scarcity:a resource needs to be perceived as scarce ? nonsubstitutability: elasticity of power:the relative responsiveness of power to changes in available alternative where the power is ? At the department level:the proportion of toplevel managers’ ing。 forceful approach such as demanding pliance with request ? higher authority:gaining the support of higher ? sanction: tactics ? Usage from most to least popular Upward influence: R,C,F,B,A,H Downward influence: R, A, F, C, B, H,S ? uncovered 4 contingent variables: the manager’s relative power,objectives for wanting to influence, expectation of the target person’s willingness to ply, the anizational culture in group: Coalition ? Strength in it’s difficult,risky,costly or impossible to build a personal power base,efforts will be made to form a coalition by joining together ? coalition in anization often seek to maximize their size。 disadvantages within the anization ? legitimate :normal everyday politics such as plaint,bypassing,coalition,excessive adherence ? illegitimate :extreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of gamessabotage, symbolic protests,group calling in sick concurrentl 2. The reality of politics ? Different values,goals,amp。 scapegoatingplace the blame on external factors misrepresentingmanipulation of information escalation of mitment ? avoiding action:feel personally threatened by change. Resisting change。clarifies who reports to whom ? authority:the right inherent in managerial position to give orders amp。 more