【正文】 advantages ? Those activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the anization,but that influence,or attempt to influence,the distribution of advantages amp。 the more routine the task of a group,the great the likelihood of coalition formation Chapter 12 Power amp。 get agenda at major meetings,get fast access to top DM. tactics ways in which powerholder translate power basis into specific actions ? Reason:logical or rational presentation ? friendliness:use of flattery,creation of goodwill, acting humble,friendly prior to making a request ? coalition:getting other’s support to back up reques ? bargaining:negotiation through favors exchange ? assertiveness: use of a direct amp。 salary parison at the same level。 Raven ? Coercive:being dependent on fearthe negative result due to application ? reward:pliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others views as valuable ? legitimate:the power received as a result of his position in the formal hierarchy of an anization ? expert:influence based on special skills or knowledge ? referent:possession by an individual of desirable resource or personal traits. Out of admiration 3. The key to power ? General postulate:the great B’s dependency on A,the great the power A has over B ? dependency increases when the resource you control is important,scarce,amp。 emphasis, style。 Power power amp。 Politics 167。 of influence。 has discretion over his own behavior ? dependency:B’s relationship to A when A possesses sth. That B requires (sources) of Power 5 category classification scheme by French amp。 mittee。 to get approval for extra expenditure。 resource interdependence。 influence the distribution of advantages amp。 Individual’s investment in the anization,perceived job alternatives, expectations of success ? anizational factors:reallocation of resources, promotion opportunities,low trust,role ambiguity, unclear performance evaluation system, 0sum reward practices,democratic DM,high performance pressures,selfserving senior manager improving your political effectiveness ? Frame arguments in terms of anization goals ? develop the right image ? gain control of anizational resources ? make yourself appear indispensableno substitute ? be visible ? develop powerful allies ? avoid “tainted” membersstatus is questionable ? support your boss management ? The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them ? IM techniques: conformityagree with other’s opinion to gain excusesexplanations of a predicament event, apologiesadmitting responsibility for undesirable event, acclaiming explanations of favorable events, flatteryplimenting others about their virtues, favorsdoing sth. Nice for someone, associationmanaging relevant information Behavior protection of selfinterest as well as promotion ? Reaction amp。 playing safeevade unfavorably situation。 justice Chap. 14 Organization structure 167。 plete job,team ? The basis by which jobs are grouped together ? Group by functionDeepen specialized knowledge, Achieve efficiencies though specialization。 empowering of Control ? The number of subordinates a manager can efficiently amp。overly tight supervision discourage autonomy ? recent efforts to reduce cost,cut overhead,speed up DM,get closer to customer,empower employees. amp。 Common Organizatio