【正文】
國出口的快速激增引起了廣泛的關(guān)注,國威脅論的預(yù)言雖然是有可能的,但有些過激,通過大量參與可以加快出口的增長速度,但對鄰國出口的增長產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的不利影響。這兩個(gè)主導(dǎo)因素盡管它們的組成將隨著中國和區(qū)域能力的發(fā)展而變化,但仍可以預(yù)期未來??偟膩碚f,中國的主要市場份額在發(fā)達(dá)國家中都集中在的日本(盡管出口增長的價(jià)值以美元計(jì)算),除過韓國和印度尼西亞,這也是其真正的鄰國市場(香港是全方位失去市場)。韓國失去在日本和美國的市場份額,而臺灣僅在美國,香港失去了所有市場的份額,尤其是在美國和日本。 是第五大出口國(僅次于美國,德國,日本和法國,并領(lǐng)先于英國),中國在發(fā)展中國家的工業(yè)制成品出口份額從20世紀(jì)90年代的11%上升到20%,東亞地區(qū)除中國以外,%%。如果能,那么可以繼續(xù)出口引致的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,否則他們將受到出口減速和/或在對初級產(chǎn)品或工業(yè)制成品出口增長緩慢的部分進(jìn)行專業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)變。和39。中國依靠低工資的出口優(yōu)勢造成了對鄰國的最大威脅。 for example, the share of the relevant age group enrolled in tertiary education rose from 9 percent in 1997 to 13 percent in 2000 (UNESCO website). It is exploiting the scale offered by its giant market to bee petitive in capitalintensive activities beyond the reach of many neighbors. It is using its diverse industrial base to deepen local content. It is drawing in exportoriented FDI at an impressive rate, using its market attractions to induce investors to raise local Ramp。 they are upgrading rapidly. China is investing heavily in technology and advanced skills。因此,在直接貿(mào)易條件下,中國在出口增長方面是其鄰國的領(lǐng)頭人,但是,這將改變中國價(jià)值鏈的移動(dòng),帶動(dòng)?xùn)|亞出口的迅速增長,引言中國競爭威脅論的擔(dān)心是普遍存在的,(像發(fā)達(dá)國家中的美國和發(fā)展中國家的墨西哥等)作為東亞和南亞最大的出口國,中國的新興出口憑借廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力,大量的人力技術(shù)存量,巨大的和多元化的工業(yè)部門,吸引外國投資,以及優(yōu)惠的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策,如今,加入WTO后,中國更加自由的進(jìn)入國際市場,導(dǎo)致了出口損失末日的嚴(yán)重觀點(diǎn)。分裂39。這里的基本問題是,中國高工資的鄰國是否帶來更先進(jìn)的技術(shù)活動(dòng),而且能夠迅地速繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大出口額。中國出口結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)的背景%,%,%,%%,并且在迅速增長,因此,%。附件表顯示如下:工業(yè)制成品的總出口額:中國在日本做的最好,接著是美國,稍微有一點(diǎn)差距,在與大多數(shù)鄰國一樣,其市場份額在西歐增加是最弱的。亞洲四小虎當(dāng)中,馬來西亞和菲律賓是在日本的大贏家,但其他兩個(gè)國家也大大受益,菲律賓是美國市場的第二大贏家。向其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體學(xué)習(xí),正在成為具有全球競爭力的勢力。研究表明,出口結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)雜的,一開始,中國的出口是與進(jìn)口相適應(yīng),后來,該地區(qū)的進(jìn)口增長趕不上它的出口增長。資源型產(chǎn)品:由于整體出口的格局類似,中國再次引領(lǐng)著區(qū)域市場份額增長,但是,韓國與臺灣和新加坡相比之下,其在日本的份額獲得大量增加,臺灣和新加坡不僅僅失去了日本的市場,而且包括美國市場,泰國是日本的大贏家,而印尼和菲律賓失去了美國市場。例如,各年齡段的專業(yè)教育比例從1997年的9%上升到2000年的13%(UNESCO website). 中國利用其巨大的規(guī)模產(chǎn)出增加市場占有量,其資本密集型產(chǎn)品的競爭力超出了許多鄰近國家,利用其多元化的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ),以加深本國容量,發(fā)展原產(chǎn)地出口;外國直接投資以顯著的速度,利用其市場吸引力減少投資者,以提高本國的溢出效應(yīng)和聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制,直到現(xiàn)在,已經(jīng)能夠以這種形式采取必要措施,但不久將在世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則下被禁止。威脅的性質(zhì)更多地體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品組織和營銷系統(tǒng),獨(dú)立的當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)可能比一體化系統(tǒng)中遍布不同國家的相同跨國公司分支機(jī)構(gòu)的競爭更加直接。中國的國有企業(yè)有可能專業(yè)化同業(yè)生產(chǎn),以此提高同業(yè)差異化產(chǎn)品的貿(mào)易。弱化這種威脅論的是中國政府的承諾(加入WTO只是區(qū)域貿(mào)易自由化的若干舉措之一),和出口到世界各地的潛在合作。 the latter two also lose in the US. Thailand is a big gainer in Japan while Indonesia and the Philippines lose out in the US. Low technology products: China’s massive market share gains are again concentrated in Japan. The four mature Tigers generally suffer losses in market share, but Singapore sees an increase in Japanese market share. The best overall performance among the new Tigers is by Indonesia.Medium technology products: While the Chinese pattern of success recurs, the new Tigers make significant gains in Japan and Korea incurs a significant loss. Taiwan and Singapore suffer losses in the US market. High technology exports: Taiwan again diverges from Korea in its performance in Japan, the former showing the second largest gain in the group (after China) and the latter the largest loss. In the US market, the situation is reversed, with Singapore joining Taiwan in losing market shares. Among the new Tigers, Malaysia and the Philippines are the big gainers in Japan, but the other two also benefit significantly. The Philippines is the second largest winner in the group in the US market. In sum, China’s main market share gains in the developed world are concentrated in Japan (though the US accounts for a larger dollar value of export growth). This is also true of its neighbors with the exceptions of Korea and Indonesia (Hong Kong was an allround loser). To the extent that we can interpret market share changes to be causally related to