外文翻譯---合同中締約過失責任的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展(存儲版)
【正文】 買受人為善意且無過失，為保護交易安全，在特殊情況下買受人的基于買主訴權(quán)，以誠意訴訟，向賣主請求賠償因契約無效所受的損失。因此，所謂契約無效者，僅指不發(fā)生履行效力，非謂不發(fā)生任何效力。日本判例學說從接 觸磋商的當事人之間的信賴和城實信用原則出發(fā)，尋找締約過失責任的根據(jù)，于是把這種責任的適用范圍擴大到了如下領(lǐng)域： (1)自始不能履行合同使合同不成立或無效； (2)合同只停留在準備磋商階段； (3)合同有效成立的情況。但近年來的司法實踐表明，以合同法原則對契約 無效或不成立時有過錯的一方當事人的責任進行追究的案例時有出現(xiàn)，如對預備協(xié)議的保護等。違反默示義務所致的損害，也應負賠償責任。 。英美法要求法院在確立信賴利益的賠償時無須考慮允諾人主觀意思如何，只須考慮被告所為的允諾，是否可以使一個合理的人產(chǎn)生信賴。 《意大利民法典》第 1337 條規(guī)定了 談判和契約前的責任 ，既 在談判和締結(jié)契約過程中，雙方當事人應根據(jù)誠信原則進行之 ；第 1338條規(guī)定： 知道或應知道契約無效原因存在的一方?jīng)]有將其通知另一方，則該方要為此就對方在契約有效期內(nèi)基于信賴、沒有過錯而遭受的損失承擔賠償責任。所以 1900年的《德國民法典》的起草者并未完全接受締約上過失的理論，僅在錯誤的撤銷 (122條 )、無權(quán)代理 (179條 )、自始客觀不能 (307條 )等有限范圍內(nèi)采納了這一觀點，但是締約過失理論在德國司法實務和學說上得到了迅速發(fā)展，并逐漸形成了精細、龐大、復雜、適用范圍廣泛的制度，建立了一般化的原則。法律所保護的，并非僅是一個業(yè)已存在的契約關(guān)系，正在發(fā)生的契約關(guān)系亦應包括在內(nèi)，否則，契約交易將暴露于外，不受保護，締約一方當事人不免成為他方疏忽或不注意的犧牲品。 締約過失責任的的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展 通說認為，在羅馬法上，締約過失責任的觀念已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。 (3) Contract effective establishment of the situation. Contracting fault liability is an effective establishment of the situation of enough to matter if the targets were flawed and contractor who breach of contract. In Greece and Italy, contracting fault liability was concerned as a general principle. According to Greek Civil Code Article 197, it stipulates that: When consultations on the occasion of the conclusion of contracts, the parties should have obligation to follow the trading practices and good faith. The Italian Civil Code section 1337 provides a prenegotiations and contractual responsibility, both in the process of negotiation and conclusion of contracts, the parties should be based on the principles of good faith. In France, contracting fault liability has not been incorporated into the Civil Code. When a similar situation occurs, it will be handled in accordance with the tort law. But in recent years, the judicial practice shows that the contract law principles of contract is invalid or does not hold the party at fault when the responsibility to prosecute cases occur from time to time, such as the preparation protocol protection. In the English and American laws, there is no contracting fault liability concept in history. But after Mansfield incorporated duty of good faith into their laws with widespread support since 1933, the mon law admits contracting fault liability. In 1933, Fuller, scholar in the US, es out with amends when damages trust in the contract laws published in the “Yale Law Review”. The paper was
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