【正文】 en capacity tightness, resource reliability, and information sharing modes depend on the operational parameters, as well as the flexibility available in a supply chain. Therefore, it may be more feasible to introduce additional flexibility instead of solely focusing on information sharing capability as a coordination tool. Keywords Supply chain management . Supply chain dynamics . Enterprise resource planning . Manufacturing information systems . Inventory management . Simulation 1 Introduction A supply chain can be viewed as a work of business partners and their facilities that perform the procurement oraw material, its transformation to intermediate and endproducts, distribution, and selling of the endproducts to end customers. A supply chain is a plex system, which involves multiple entities enpassing activities of moving goods and adding value from the raw material stage to the final delivery stage [32]. Different entities in a supply chain operate subject to different sets of constraints and objectives, which are highly interdependent when it es to improving performance of the supply chain in terms of objectives, such as ontime delivery, quality assurance, and cost minimization. Therefore, performance of any entity in a supply chain depends on the performance of others and their willingness and ability to coordinate activities within the supply chain [10, 57]. Advances in information technology enable information availability [6], which facilitates munication, coordination, and collaboration among supply chain partners through information sharing [16]. Supply chain management literature reveals that through better information linkages among business partners, various deficiencies, which include long lead times, large batch sizes, high inventory levels, slow new product design and development, and long order fulfillment cycles, can be mitigated or reduced [8, 9, 17, 19, 31, 38]. Even though information sharing can be extremely beneficial, it is not sufficient to fully reduce the impact of uncertainty inherent to supply chain dynamics. For instance, since Forrester’s work on the bullwhip effect (1961), there has been a long debate and unsettled dispute on whether or not sharing information is always beneficial to avoid it [4]. In addition, researchers have also noted that the benefits of information sharing depend on the type of information, as well as the demand patterns and capacity constraints [9, 10, 17, 31, 38]. In this study, the effect of information sharing among business partners on ontime delivery rate and total cost is investigated via simulation of a generic, hypotheticalsupply chain model. While information sharing in the supply chain has been researched extensively, the effect of sharing of resource reliability information (., occurrence of various failures and equipment breakdowns) on supply chain performance has not. The experimental factors are (1) capacity tightness (three levels), (2) reliability (three levels), and (3) information sharing modes, which are sharing of reliability information, customer demand, and inventory level. This paper is anized as follows: A literature survey on supply chain dynamics is presented in Section 2. Experimental factors, along with a brief literature on information sharing, are outlined in Section 3. Development of the model is explained in Section 4. Experimental results are discussed in Sections 5 and 6. Conclusions are presented in Section 7. 2 Supply chain dynamics Supply chain management has been studied by many researchers. In addition to traditional supply chain management topics, such as operational planning, strategic planning, and logistics, the literature includes a variety of studies that investigate supply chain management from different perspectives: supply works [45], chaos perspective[32], risk management [11, 53], supply chain dynamics [14, 57], uncertainty [19, 29, 61, 66], classification and taxonomy issues [28, 36], and emerce [26].For an extensive review of the relevant literature, please refer to Min and Zhou [46], Huang et al. [31], Goknur and Turan [25], and Chan and Chan [10]. Making decisions in a supply chain involves a feedback process triggering interaction between system entities。當 產能緊張時 INV和 CD 的信息共享模式失去價值。通過這種方法， RI信息共享增加了客戶滿意度卻減少了成本。隨著可靠性上升，準時交貨率上升。 CD和 INV信息共享模式對準時交貨率有類似的影響，而 RI信息共享模式卻有積極影響。隨著系統變得更可信，產能富裕度最高水平為 。當產能富裕度為 ，中值（ 0）和高值（ 1）因素水平， CD和 INV信息共享 模型在總成本上差異最小化，但是 RI信息共享模型在產能富裕度為 ，當能力最緊在 。在這些條件下，我們可以對總成本進行一般化。持有成本是一個實體持有庫存的成本，包括工作過程成本和安全庫存。平均故障時間 (MDT)為： ?? ? ??0 1rru ure r ??????????????????????????????（ 5） 因此，平均可獲得性， avA 可以定義如下： avA = MDTMTTFMTTF? ???????????????????????????（ 6） 可獲得性是時間的函數， A(t)，可以用下列公式表示： A(t)=raruu?? + tuara taeu )( ??? ??? ???????????????????????（ 7） 隨著時間趨于無窮大， A(t)降至 Aav。生產率通常分布為均值和標準差。 RI 可以擴展到任何數目的可供選擇的供應商；然而，在這個概念模型中我們只用了兩個供應商?；谫I方訂單和供應商持有庫存的比較，買方可以決定繼續(xù)訂單或者基于替代供應商的狀況做實時訂單修訂。庫存水平是目前的存貨水平?；編齑婺Ｐ停?R,s， S）要進行定期檢查，隨著不穩(wěn)定需求根據庫存水平訂貨， R是檢查庫存狀態(tài)的時間周期， s是再訂貨點， S是庫存水平。我們的目標是，在保持可能的最高準時交貨率條件下減少成本。運輸方式中的訂單修定和改變都有成本構成，這因代替了準時滿足客戶需求得以平衡。研究發(fā)現信息共享根據關系不同而不同程度的改善績效。 一項使用了四個信息共享模型 —— 沒有信息共享、部分信息共享、單向完全信息共享和雙向完全信息共享 —— 的研究表明，每一個模型的信息共享都提升了績效。然而， 改善并不是來自信息共享而是來自信息技術，它促進了提前期和批量規(guī)模的下降。 供應商可靠性已經兩種方法模型化：機器故障率方法和供應商有效性方法。研究了各種信息共享模式產能富裕度并發(fā)現當能力大或小時，信息共享不會增加任何價值。然而，研究者們對信息共享的好處并未達成共識。不確定需求可以通過定做系統管理，這取決于高水平的定制能力和較短的提前期，而穩(wěn)定需求環(huán)境可以通過預測制造系統來管理，這依賴于給予預測的相對大的庫存來提供標準化產品。內部不確定性的主要來源是設備故障，它會導致停機。專業(yè)化和全球化也都會有一種增加運輸距離和運輸時間的趨勢，這反過來會增加在途存貨。 Davis將不確定性分類為供應鏈的供應不確定性、制造過程不確定性和需求方不確定性。若需要對 相關論文的廣泛了解，請參考 Min和 Zhou， Huang等， Goknur和 Turan，以及 Chan和 Chan的文章。實驗因素是 產能富裕度（分三個層級）、 可靠性（分三個層級）和信息共享模式，這一模式分享信息可靠性、顧客需求和庫存水平。因此，供應鏈內實體的績效依賴于其它實體績效和他們的意愿以及協調供應鏈內活動的能力。試驗因素包括產能富裕度、資源可靠性和信息共享模式，信息共享模式即共享資源可靠性信息、顧客需求和庫存水平。這項研究表明，產能富裕度、資源可靠性交換水平和信息共享模式基于運營參數以及供應鏈的柔性。 盡管信息共享可能是非常有益的 ，但是它不足以完全減少供應鏈動態(tài)固有的不確定性的影響。在第 4部分解釋了模型的改進。 在系統動力學的背景下，供應鏈可以被定 義