【正文】 而且她的部 ?門也要命名 ?為績(jī)效改善 ?工程了 。 ” 例如 ， 諾龍博格博 ?士說他公司 ?有一個(gè)由 4? 0到 50個(gè) ?人組成的專 ?門從事計(jì)算 ?機(jī)尖端技術(shù) ?的研究小組 ?， 這些人曾被 ?稱做工業(yè)工?程師 ， 但是 ， 即使他們沒 ?被予以這種 ?頭銜 ， 他們所做的 ?還是工業(yè)工 ?程的工作可 ?以被稱做工 ?業(yè)工程 ， 這取決于你 ?如何組織這 ?個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。 The name game 命名問題 What probl? ems could? possi?bly throw? a shado?w on such a brigh?t array? of oppor?tunit?ies? For start?ers, as new oppor?tunit?ies have devel?oped for the IE, new quest?ions have forme? d about? what types? of jobs the indus?trial? engin?eer is quali?fied to perfo?rm. 什么問題可 ?能會(huì)在如此 ?明亮的機(jī)會(huì) ?陣列上投下 ?陰影呢 ？ 對(duì)于初學(xué)者 ?來說 ， 隨著工業(yè)工 ?程新的機(jī)遇 ?的產(chǎn)生 ， 諸如工業(yè)工 ?程師到底能 ?勝任什么樣 ?的工作問題 ?也隨之產(chǎn) At one time, it was easie? r to defin? e what an IE did .” Indus?trial? engin?eerin?g was simpl? e in those? days when we dealt? with metho?ds, work stand?ards and work simpl?ifica?tion,” says Carlo?s Cheru?bin, direc? tor of engin? eerin?g for The Limit? ed Co. “ But there? has to be some way to get past the old indus?trial? engin?eerin?g defin?ition?.” 曾經(jīng) ， 定義工業(yè)工 ? 程是 很 容易 ?的 。 事實(shí)上 ， “ 一致性 ” 恰好是目前 ?工業(yè)工程領(lǐng) ?域所面臨的 ?眾多挑戰(zhàn)性 ?問題之一。 因此 ， 這就使得他 ?們解決問題 ?的方法是短 ?期的 ， 不切實(shí)際的 ?或不充分的 ?。 In the attem? pt to prepa?re stude? nts for gradu?ate level? educa?tion, the acade?mic curri?culum? often? has a stron? g mathe?matic? orien?tatio? n. Thoug?h a requi?red appro? ach, it devel? ops a very struc?tured? appro? ach to probl?em solvi?ng among? stude?nts. Conse?quent?ly, stude?nts expec?t all probl?ems to have welldefin?ed input?s, proce?ssing? modul?es and outpu? ts. Thus, when faced? with pl? ex, illdefin? ed, and unstr? uctur? ed probl?ems that are mo? n in the real world? , many new gradu? ates perfo? rm poorl? y. Chism?an point? s out that the bulk of teach? ing shoul? d be done for under? gradu?ate stude?nts since? over 85 perce?nt of them go into indus?try, not on to gradu?ate schoo?l. Unfor?tunat?ely, attem? pts to impro?ve curri?culum? is often? silte?d in favor? of resea?rchorien?ted educa?tion, there?by depri?ving the major?ity of the stude?nts of the skill?s they need to survi?ve in the busin?ess world?. 對(duì)為研究生 ?水平做準(zhǔn)備 ? 的 學(xué)生來說 ?， 學(xué)術(shù)課程通 ?常帶有強(qiáng)烈 ?的數(shù)學(xué)的傾 ?向性 。 IE 師與其 ?他領(lǐng)域的工 ?程師的區(qū)別 ?是什么 ? 但是還有一 ?些根本的不 ?足之處有待 ? 于討論。 學(xué)生們必須 ?了解他們周 ?圍世界是怎 ?樣的 ， 并且有能力 ?成為一個(gè)對(duì) ?社會(huì)有貢獻(xiàn) ?的人 。 Prits?ker認(rèn)為 ?教授們必須 ?把科研興趣 ?和教學(xué)責(zé)任 ?心相結(jié)合起 ?來。 Clyne?s在參加國(guó) ?家工程教育 ?學(xué)術(shù)討論會(huì) ?時(shí) ，經(jīng)仔細(xì)考慮 ?說 ， “ 教育本質(zhì)就 ?像公司對(duì)消 ?費(fèi)者的服務(wù) ?一樣， 不可能達(dá)到 ?最好 ， 需要不斷的 ?改進(jìn) 。 為了促進(jìn)這 ?個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變 ， 在教育策略 ?方面作以緊 ?迫改進(jìn)是必 ?須的 。UNIT ONE Indus?trial? Engin?eerin?g Educa?tion for the 21st Centu?ry 21 世紀(jì)的 ?工業(yè)工程教 ?育 The 21st centu? ry is just a few years? away. Strat?egic plann?ers all over the world? are using? the year 2020 as the point? futur?e busin?ess activ?ities?. Are we all ready? for that time? As the indus?trial? world? prepa?res to meet the techn?ologi?cal chall?enges? of the 21st centu?ry, there? is a need to focus? on the peopl?e who will take it there? . Peopl?e will be the most impor?tant of the “ manmachi?nemater?ial” syste?ms pe? ting in the next centu?ry. IEs shoul?d play a cruci?al role in prepa?ring an?izati?ons for the 21st centu?ry throu?gh their? roles? as chang?e initi?ators? and facil?itato?rs. Impro? vemen?ts are neede? d in IE under? gradu?ate educa?tion if that role is to be succe?ssful?ly carri?ed out. 21 世紀(jì)來 ?臨在即 ， 全世界的戰(zhàn) ?略家們把 2?000 年作 ?為商業(yè)活動(dòng) ?的焦點(diǎn) 。 很多教育者 ?已經(jīng)意識(shí)到 ?工程教育實(shí) ?施的這種方 ?式在很多年 ?中有了很大 ?的變化 ， 并且意識(shí)到 ?工程教育中 ?的改善是必 ?要的 ， 教育者 、 雇主和從業(yè) ?者提倡用設(shè) ?計(jì)和實(shí)踐的 ?觀念 ， 通過工程課 ?程使其有一 ?個(gè)較好的科 ?學(xué)的綜合 。 ” 的確 ， 仔細(xì)回顧工 ?業(yè)工程課程 ?能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)需 ?要改進(jìn)的地 ?方 ， 這就有助于 ?避免過時(shí)的?， 不能應(yīng)用于 ?當(dāng)今社會(huì)要 ?求的課程。 Samue?lson 曾 ?經(jīng)描述過關(guān) ?于浪費(fèi) ， 不精確的學(xué) ?術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ， 平庸的教學(xué) ?方法和獎(jiǎng)學(xué) ?金等大學(xué)教 ?育的衰退現(xiàn) ?象 ， 這些特殊的 ?問題早已在 ?文獻(xiàn)中被引 ?證。跨學(xué)科教育 ?為達(dá)到這一 ?目的提供了 ?更全面的方 ?法 。 The acade? mic curri?culum? rarel?y empha?sizes? the funda?menta?l philo?sophy? of IE itsel?f. That philo?sophy? is a holis? tic appro? ach to desig? n, devel?opmen? t and imple? menta?tion of integ? rated? syste?ms of men, machi?nes and mater? ials. Stude? nts go throu? gh cours?es in opera?tions? resea? rch, manuf?actur? ing, human? facto?rs and so on witho? ut under?stand? ing the inter? relat?ionsh?ips betwe?en these? areas? and the syner?gisti?c impac?t this integ?rated? appro?ach has on manmachi?ne syste?ms. 在學(xué)院課程 ?中很少?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào) ? IE 自身的 ?哲學(xué)體系 。 這個(gè)專業(yè)對(duì) ?企業(yè)有何貢 ?獻(xiàn) ? The root of this ident? ity probl?em lies in the struc? tured? and isola?ted appro? ach of vario? us IE cours? es. This resul? ts in speci?aliza?tion that is too narro? w. For examp?le, gradu?ates today? tend to assoc?iate more with focus? ed profe?ssion?al socie?ties rathe?r than the gener?al IE. This is a distu?rbing? drift? that may destr?oy the ident?ity of IE as we now know it. 這些問題的 ?根源是由于 ?各種 IE 課 ?程結(jié)構(gòu)的和 ?孤立的方法 ?。 雖然這是必 ?需的途徑 ， 但是為了讓 ?學(xué)生使問題 ?得以解決 ， 它發(fā)展成為 ?一種程式化 ?的方法 。越來越 依賴 ?在現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境 ?中不能切實(shí) ?有效運(yùn)用的 ?仿真模型就 ?是這一現(xiàn)象 ?的體現(xiàn)。 Today? ’ s pe?titiv?e globa?l econo?my and tight?er corpo?rate budge? ts are forci?ng IEs to deal with issue? s that were barel?y menti?oned a decad?e ago. Compa?nies are flatt?ening? corpo?rate struc? tures? 。 “ 工業(yè)工程那 ?時(shí)候在解決 ?問題 ， 制訂工作標(biāo) ?準(zhǔn)和工作簡(jiǎn) ?明化方面很 ?簡(jiǎn)單 ” 有限公司的 ?經(jīng)理卡羅 .徹羅賓如是 ?說 。 Like it or not, the trend? today? is speci? aliza?tion, and pa? nies are follo? wing suit. Tough? econo?mic times? are forci?ng many pa?nies to redef?ine corpo?rate struc?tures?, with a prima? ry goal of flatt?ing their? an?izati?on in an attem? pt to cut costs? and speed? the decis?ionmakin?g proce?ss. In the case of the IE depar? tment?, that trend? has moved? depar?tment?al names? from the gener?ic “ IE” to speci?al funct?ions or areas? that are being? perfo?rmed. 不管是否真 ?的這樣 ， 專業(yè)化是目 ?前的趨勢(shì)就 ?， 而且企業(yè)也 ?在向這個(gè)方 ?向發(fā)展 。 她還說 ： “ 工業(yè)工程可 ?能是工程專 ?業(yè)僅有的堅(jiān) ?持要求把自 ?己的地位建 ?立在本部門 ?之上的專業(yè) ?” ?！? For many, inclu?ding Rebec?ca Ray, IE manag?er at Glaxo? Inc., it is a step in the right? direc?tion. Her depar?tment? will soon carry? the title? Perfo?rmanc?e Impro?vemen?t Engin?eerin?g.” IE is proba?bly the o