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m, smaller than Ascarids’ Shape: a typical barrel Color: yellowbrown unstained two polar plugs Shell: quite thick Contains: unembryonated egg Morphology- Eggs of Enterobius vermicularis size: smaller than Ascarids’ Shape: oval, flattened on one side Color: colorless Shell: quite thick Contains: an undeveloped larva inside Shape: ovalround Shell: thin with smooth and colorless (transparent) eggshell Size: 5776 181。Introduction to the Helminths 蠕蟲 Helminths means worms, multicellular anisms. Phylum Class Nemathelminthes Nematoda (round worm) 線蟲綱 線形動(dòng)物門 Platyhelminthes Tremetoda (flatworms) 吸蟲綱 扁形動(dòng)物門 Cestoda 絳蟲綱 The Nematodes 線蟲 There are many, many nematodes 2022 諾貝爾獎(jiǎng) : RNA干擾機(jī)制 2022年諾貝爾獎(jiǎng):程序性細(xì)胞死亡 Morphology Cylindrical, nonsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical and sexes separate Pseudocele 原體腔 ( pseudocoelom) The body wall: cuticle 角皮層 hypodermis 皮下層 longitudinal muscle 肌層 Holomyarian type ( Whipworm) Polymyarian type ( Ascarids) Meromyarian type (Hookworm) The arrangement of the somatic muscles Digestive system Mouth pharynx esophagus intestine anus 咽管 食管 腸管 肛門 Reproductive system male reproductive system Testis seminal vesicle 睪丸 儲(chǔ)精囊 vas deferens 輸精管 ejaculatory duct 射精管 Most females usually have two ovaries , oviducts and uterus.. ovary—oviduct —uterus. ovary—oviduct —uterus.. 卵巢 輸卵管 子宮 vulva vagina 陰門 陰道 nervous system Consist of : circumesophageal nerve ring 咽管神經(jīng)環(huán) and 2 or 4 longitudinal nerve trunks 神經(jīng)干 Excretory system Excretory pore is anterior. 排泄孔 No flame cells are present. life cycle M1 M2