【正文】 cephalic alae Male with curved posterior end, Female has a long pointed end. 咽管球 頭翼 Morphology－ Adults of hookworms Adult: Slender, pinkish or creamygray in color, about 10mm in length. Females: 913 mm long with eggfilled uterus Males: 711 mm long, Posterior end forms a Copulatory bursa (交合傘 ) Morphology－ Adults of hookworms Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale Buccal capsule contains 2 pairs of large ventral (anterior) teeth Copulatory bursa is at posterior end and contains 2 thin spicules that separate distally. 口囊 交合傘 Morphology of Necator americanus Buccal capsule contains a pair of ventral and dorsal cutting plates. Copulatory bursa contains spicules that are fused distally. shape “c”, 1cm177。 N. americanus ml/day b. The worm usually changes its sucking site c. Disfunction of intestine to absorb iron gradually produce an irondeficiency anemia 4. gastroenteric symptoms 胃腸道癥狀 Slight, intermittent abdominal pain 5. Aberration of appetite(geophagy 異嗜癥 ) . loss of normal appetite and desire to eat soil or unnormal materials 6. Hookworm diseases of infant 7. eosinophilia Laboratory Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis 1. By identifying the eggs 1. direct fecal smear 2. brinefloatation method （飽和鹽水浮聚法） 3. Scotch tape technique (cellophane tape impression) 透明膠紙黏貼法 4. Larval cultivation (鉤蚴培養(yǎng)法 ) 2. By identifying the adults 3. therapeutic test Epidemiology distribution Basic conditions in parasitic epidemiology Patients and infected persons ? Souce of infection ? Mode of transmission (Factors of prevalence) For round worm For hookworm Via mouth Warmer and poor sanitation Inadequate disposal of feces Using nightsoil as fertilizer Via skin Barefoot walking Others: Oral （ A. doudenale) Placenta Mother’s milk Paratenic hosts ? Susceptible population “HandtoMouth”Transmission retroinfection through anus inhalation of ova For pinworm Epidemiology the reason for wide distribution of Ascaris l 1. simple life cycle 2. high reproductive capacity (240,000 eggs per day) 3. resistance of egg (due to presence of ascarosidal ) 4. social cus