【正文】 Via mouth Warmer and poor sanitation Inadequate disposal of feces Using nightsoil as fertilizer Via skin Barefoot walking Others: Oral （ A. doudenale) Placenta Mother’s milk Paratenic hosts ? Susceptible population “HandtoMouth”Transmission retroinfection through anus inhalation of ova For pinworm Epidemiology the reason for wide distribution of Ascaris l 1. simple life cycle 2. high reproductive capacity (240,000 eggs per day) 3. resistance of egg (due to presence of ascarosidal ) 4. social customs and habits Treatment Prevention and control Treatment of patients and carriers, Blockade of the route of transmission Protection of the susceptible population (personal prophylaxis) Chemoprophylaxis, vaccines, other preventive measures Treatment Prevention and control Treatment: Mebendazole（甲苯噠唑） Albendazole（阿苯噠唑，腸蟲清） To prevent reinfection of , treat the whole family. Others for hookworm diseases? 透熱療法 糾正貧血 Prevention and control: hygienic control of food, feces Good hygiene is the best preventive measure Wash all bed clothes and bedding in hot water to kill infective eggs of . avoidance of contact with infected fecal material Others? Dog and Cat Hookworms HUMANS may serve as accidental hosts of these hookworms when the filariform larvae perate human skin Creeping Eruption 匍形疹 。 “s”, 1cm177。 cephalic alae Male with curved posterior end, Female has a long pointed end. 咽管球 頭翼 Morphology－ Adults of hookworms Adult: Slender, pinkish or creamygray in color, about 10mm in length. Females: 913 mm long with eggfilled uterus Males: 711 mm long, Posterior end forms a Copulatory bursa (交合傘 ) Morphology－ Adults of hookworms Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale Buccal capsule contains 2 pairs of large ventral (anterior) teeth Copulatory bursa is at posterior end and contains 2 thin spicules that separate distally. 口囊 交合傘 Morphology of Necator americanus Buccal capsule contains a pair of ventral and dorsal cutting plates. Copulatory bursa contains spicules that are fused distally. shape “c”, 1cm17