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showed thi s was obvi ousl y wrong. N ow peopl e can see that there i s a direct li nk between hi s theory and the work of Isaac N ewton, Al bert Ei nstei n and Stephen H awki ng. Uni t 2 PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPH Y Peopl e many wonder why different words are used to descri be these four countri es: Engl and, Wal es, Scotl and and N orthern Irel and. You can clari fy thi s questi on i f you study Bri tish hi story. Fi rst there was Engl and. Wal es was li nked to i t in the thi rteenth century. N ow when peopl e refer to Engl and you fi nd Wal es i ncl uded as wel . N ext Engl and and Wal es were joi ned to Scotl and i n the sevententh century and the nam e was changed to “Great Bri tai n”. Happil y thi s was ac pl i shed without confl i ct when Ki ng Jam es of Scotl and becam e Ki ng of Engl and and Wal es as wel. Fi nal y the Engli sh governm ent tri ed i n the earl y twenti eth century to form the Uni ted Ki ngdom by getti ng Irel and connected in the sam e peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwi l i ng and broke away to form i ts own governm ent. So onl y N orthern Ireland joi ned with Engl and, Wal es and Scotl and to be e the United Ki ngdom and thi s was shown to the worl d i n a new fl ag cal l ed the Uni on Jack. To thei r credi t the four countri es do work together i n som e areas(eg, the currency and i nternati onal rel ati ons), but they stil l have very different i nsti tuti ons. For exam pl e, Northern Irel and, Engl and and Scotl and have di fferent educati onal and l egal systems as wel as di fferent footbal l team s for peti tions l ike the Worl d Cup! Engl and i s the l argest of the four countri es, and for conveni ence i t i s divi ded roughl y i nto three zones. The zone nearest France i s cal ed the South of Engl and, the m i ddl e zone i s cal ed the Mi dl ands and the one nearest to Scotl and i s known as the N orth. You fi nd m ost of the popul ati on settl ed i n the south, but m ost of the i ndustrial citi es in the Mi dl ands and the N orth of Engl and. Although, nati onwi de, these ci ties are not as l arge as those i n Chi na, they have worl dfam ous footbal teams and som e of them even have two! It i s a pi ty that the i ndustri al citi es bui l t i n the ni eenth century do not attract vi si tors. For hi stori cal archi tecture you have to go to ol der but sm al l er towns bui l t by the Rom ans. There you wil l fi nd out m ore about Briti sh hi story and cul ture. The greatest hi storical treasure of al i s London wi th i ts m useum s, art col ecti ons, theatres, parks and buil dings. It is the centre of nati onal governm ent and its admi ni strati on. It has the ol dest port bui l t by the Rom ans i n the fi rst century AD, the ol dest buil di ng begun by the AngloSaxons in the 106os and the ol dest castl e constructed by l ater Norman rul ers i n 1066. There have been four sets of i nvaders of Engl and. The fi rst i nvaders, the Rom ans, l eft thei r towns and roads. The second, the Angl oSaxon, left thei r l anguage and thei r governm ent. The thi rd, the Vi ki ngs, i nfl uenced the vocabul ary and pl acenam es of the N orth of Engl and, and the fourth, the Normans, left castl es and i ntroduced new words for food. If you l ook around the Briti sh countrysi de you wi l fi nd evi dence of al l these i nvaders. You m ust keep your eyes open i f you are goi ng to m ake your tri p to the Uni ted Ki ngdom enjoyabl e and worthwhi l e. SIGH TSEEING IN LONDON Worri ed about the tim e avai l abl e, Zhang Pingyu had m ade a l ist of the si tes she wanted to see i n London. H er first deli ght was goi ng to the Tower. It was buil t l ong ago by the N orm an i nvaders of AD 1066. Fancy! Thi s soli d stone, square tower had remai ned standi ng for one thousand years. Although the bui l di ngs had expanded around it, i t rem ai ned part of a royal pal ace and pri son bi ned. To her great surpri se, Zhang Pi ngyu found the Queen’s jewel s guarded by speci al royal sol di ers who, on speci al occasi ons, stil l wore the fourhundredyearol d uni form of the tim e of Queen Eli zabeth I. There fol lowed St Paul ’s Cathedral bui l t after the terri bl e fi re of London in 1666. It l ooked spl endi d when first buil t! Westm i nster Abbey, too, was very interesti ng. It contai ned statues i n m em ory of dead poets and wri ters, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she cam e out of the abbey, Pi ngyu heard the fam ous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ri ngi ng out the hour. She fi ni shed the day by l ooki ng at the outsi de of Bucki ngham Pal ace, the Queen’s house in London. O h, she had so m ush to tel her fri ends! The second day the gi rl vi si ted Greenwi ch and saw i ts ol d shi ps and fam ous cl ock that sets the worl d ti me. What i nterested her m ost was the l ongi tude li ne. It i s an im agi nary li ne di vi di ng the eastern and western halves of the worl d and i s very useful for navi gati on. It passes through Greenwi ch, so Pi ngyu had a photo taken standing on ei ther si de of the li ne. The l ast day she visi ted karl Marx’s statue i n Hi ghgate Cem etery. It seem ed strange that the m an who had devel oped m unism shoul d have l ived and di ed i n London. N ot only that, but he had worked i n the fam ous readi ng room of the Li brary of the Bri ti sh Museum. Sadl y the l i brary had m oved from i ts ori gi nal place i nto another buil di ng and the ol d readi ng room was gone. But she was thri l ed by so many wonderful treasures from di ferent cul tures di splayed i n the m useum. When she saw m any vi si tors enjoyi ng l ooki ng at the beauti ful ol d Chi nese pots and other objects on show, she fel t very proud of her country. The next day Pi ngyu was l eavi ng London for Wi ndsor Castl e. “Perhaps I wi l see the Queen?” she wondered as she fel l asl eep. Uni t 3 FIRST IMPRESSIONS Spacem ail : li qi ang299AGreatAdventureS