【正文】 對于在商業(yè)銀行的大多數(shù)人來說，貸款代表著工業(yè)的心臟。 3. 管理信貸風(fēng)險 以積極的態(tài)度 簡介 無論是預(yù)期風(fēng)險還是突發(fā)事件都可能對銀行的資本或收益產(chǎn)生不利影響，預(yù)期損失是由借款人承擔(dān)，由于信貸質(zhì)量的變化造成的拖欠數(shù)額預(yù)計會被丟失，他是通過風(fēng)險溢價和儲備產(chǎn)品收入來采取適當(dāng)?shù)亩▋r。由于按照安永以及 2020年亞洲自行處理不良貸款的報告，全球經(jīng)濟放緩和政府方面等問題，增加了國家行動綱領(lǐng)的相關(guān)問題。 例如， 199495 年間，日本的國家行動綱領(lǐng)級別，總貸款的 %在其本國， %在香港， %在泰國， %在印度尼西亞， %在馬來西亞，而印度的相應(yīng)數(shù)字是非常高 的，占 %。國家行動綱領(lǐng)是一個先進(jìn)的地方利益或本金（在定期貸款情況下），或依然為 90 天分期償還款項（新規(guī)范至 2020 年 3 月 30 日起生效）或更長時間未付。銀行貸款非常重要就在于它有可能幫該國的農(nóng)業(yè)，工業(yè)和商業(yè)活動提供資助。 6． 審查新巴塞爾資本協(xié)定規(guī)范及其對印度商業(yè)銀行的信用風(fēng)險管理做法可能產(chǎn)生的影響。 這項研究還指出兩個影響銀行信貸風(fēng)險管理實踐的基 礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展情況 —— 新巴塞爾資本協(xié)定與風(fēng)險性監(jiān)管。 這標(biāo)志著信貸風(fēng)險管理中的作用，因此，它構(gòu)成了目前的研究分析的基礎(chǔ)。 資產(chǎn)不良率（ NPA） 是信貸風(fēng)險的首要指標(biāo)，而資金充分率 (CAR)是另一項重要指標(biāo)。而與之相反的是，印度的銀行的凈不良資產(chǎn)比例在 2020 年的審計年內(nèi)僅僅降低了 %個百分點。 大部分的銀行已經(jīng)開發(fā)了其借款人的內(nèi)部評級系統(tǒng)，但一直對最終的評級和資產(chǎn)分類等微調(diào)評級制度很少有研究。 因此，銀行的管理層充分裝備自己 ，用 更科學(xué)的方式監(jiān)測和控制風(fēng)險 ， 努力 完善 系統(tǒng)評估的能力 。從 而 加強國家的內(nèi)部和外部 的競爭 。 Y’ s Asian NPL report for 2020, the global slowdown, government heisting and inconsistency in dealing with the NPAs problem and lender placency have caused the region’ s NPAs problem to increase. However looking from a positive angle, India’ s ordinance, on Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcements of Security Interest is a step in the right direction. This ordinance will help banks to concentrate on good business by eliminating the business of bad loans15. Reasons for NPAs in India: An internal study conducted by RBI16 shows that in the order of prominence, the following factors contribute to NPAs. Internal Factors: * diversion of funds for expansion / diversification / modernization taking up new projects helping promoting associate concerns * time / cost overrun during the project implementation stage * business (product, marketing etc) failure * inefficiency in management * slackness in Credit Management and monitoring * inappropriate technology / technical problems * lack of coordination among lenders. External Factors: * recession * input / power shortage * price escalation * exchange rate fluctuation * accident and natural calamities etc. * changes in government policies in excise / import duties, pollution control orders etc. Conclusion: Asset quality is one of the important parameters based on which the performance of a bank is assessed by the regulation and the public. Some of the areas where the Indian banks identified to for better NPA management like credit risk management, special investigative audit, negotiated settlement, internal checks amp。vis private sector banks. 4. Profiling and analysis of concentration risk in public sector banks vis224。vis private sector banks. 5. Evaluating the credit risk management practices in public sector banks vis224。 systems for early indication of NPAs etc., 3. MANAGEMENT OF CREDIT RISK A PROACTIVE APPROACH Introduction: Risk is the potentiality that both the expected and unexpected events may have an adverse impact on the bank’ s capital or earnings. The expected loss is to be borne by the borrower and hence is taken care by adequately pricing the products through risk premium and reserves created out of the earnings. It is the amount expected to be lost due to changes in credit quality resulting in default. Whereas, the unexpected loss on account of individual exposure and the whole portfolio is entirely is to be borne by the bank itself and hence is to be taken care by the capital. Banks are confronted with various kinds of financial and nonfinancial risks viz., credit, market, interest rate, foreign exchange, liquidity, equity price, legal, regulatory, reputation, operational etc. These risks are highly interdependent and events that affect one area of risk can have ramifications for a range of other risk categories. Thus, top management of banks should attach considerable importance to improve the ability to identify measure, monitor and control the overall level of risks undertaken. Credit Risk: The major risk banks face is credit risk. It follows that the major risk banks must measure, manage and accept is credit or default risk. It is the uncertainty associated with borrower’ s loan repayment. For most people in mercial banking, lending represents the heart of the Industry. Loans dominate asset holding at most banks and generate the largest share of operating ine. Loans are the dominant asset in most banks’ portfolios, prising from 50 to 70 percent of total assets17. 商業(yè)銀行風(fēng)險管理 （以一個公共和私營部門的銀行為例） 1. 序言： 風(fēng)險管理 銀行業(yè)的未來無疑將落在風(fēng)險管理力度 上 。這就造成了 多重風(fēng)險 和 市場波動。 信用風(fēng)險，即由借款人在默認(rèn)情況下到期償還借款，其 仍然是最需管理的風(fēng)險。 各 行業(yè)特有的風(fēng)險也不公開地確定和評估 ，而是 有規(guī)律的收集數(shù)據(jù)。在未來，印度這些銀行總的將放在商業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的投資會在 8,00， 000千萬盧比。CAR 被認(rèn)為是重要指標(biāo)是因為它是平衡信貸流失的重要指標(biāo)，它必須達(dá)到由印度銀行規(guī)定的 9%比例。 研究人員和風(fēng)險管理從業(yè)人員不斷試圖改善目前的技術(shù)，最近幾年，在藝術(shù)和信用風(fēng)險計量和管理科學(xué)方面取得了巨大進(jìn)步。 除了強調(diào)巴塞爾協(xié)議新形勢下的信貸風(fēng)險管理規(guī)定的突出特點外，還企圖印度銀行專業(yè)人員根據(jù)協(xié)議編纂各種應(yīng)對建議。 7． 審查基于風(fēng)險的監(jiān)管，加強對銀行信貸風(fēng)險管理做法方面的作用。銀行體系的實力和穩(wěn)健主要取決于有關(guān)貸款的健康。 國家行動綱領(lǐng) 的趨勢 程度 ： 這項研究是使用印度儲備銀行的報告（年度財務(wù)報告），信息 /從銀行及銀行官員討論獲得的數(shù)據(jù)來進(jìn)行的。 據(jù) 安永會計師事務(wù)所指出印度的銀行不良資產(chǎn)的實際水平約為 400 億美元，遠(yuǎn)高出政府 億美元。然而，從積極的角度來看，印度的條例對證券化與金融資產(chǎn)重組以及安全利益執(zhí)法行動是