【正文】 例 5. Statistics over four consecutive years showed that four percent more automobile accidents happened in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California drivers. The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions? (A) Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns. (B) The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents. (C) Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described. (D) There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebrations that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks. (E) A time change at any other time of year would not produce a similar increase in accident 例 6． Although the ratio of physicians to total population is about the same in the United State and Canada, the United States has 33 percent more surgeons per capita. Clearly, this is the reason people in the United States undergo 40 percent more operations per capita than do Canadians. The explanation given above rests on an assumption that (A)patients in the United States do not have a greater need for surgery than do patients in Canada. (B)the population of the United States is not larger than that of Canada. (C)United States patients sometimes travel to Canada for certain kinds of surgery. (D)general practitioners in the United States do not as a rule examine a patient who is a candidate for surgery before sending the patient to a surgeon. (E)there are no unnecessary surgical operations performed in Canada. 第三節(jié)：解釋。 三 . 假設(shè)題補(bǔ)充。 credit A to B. 問(wèn)題中： explanation, interpretation, hypothesis. 第三種文章的標(biāo)志詞： 與第一種文章相同，表面上是前提結(jié)論結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)質(zhì)為因果結(jié)構(gòu)， 即結(jié)論是前提的解釋。 A≠ B 例 1. Scientists now believe that artificialhip implants, previously thought to be safe, may actually increase the risk of cancer in recipients after about 45 years of use. Though these implants do improve the quality of recipient’s lives, the increased risk of cancer is an unacceptable price to pay for these improvements. Therefore, they should be banned. Which of the following, if true, is the strongest counterargument to the argument above? (A) Artificialhip implant surgery can cause severe plications, such as infection, chronic fever, and bone degeneration, and these plications can themselves be crippling or even fatal. (B) Almost all artificialhip implant recipients receive their implants at an age when they are unlikely to live more than an additional 30 years. (C) Although artificialhip implants increase the risk of cancer after about 45 year of use, a few of the cancers they induce are not fatal. (D) Since artificialhip implants are not very mon, banning them would cause little hardship. (E) Although the benefits of artificialhip implant surgery have remained substantially the same over the past decade, the price of the surgery has risen considerably. 例 2. Metropolis regulation limiting to four days the period during which milk can be sold to consumers after pasteurization is unreasonable. Under optimal conditions, pasteurized milk kept at 40 degrees Fahrenheit remains unspoiled for at least 14 days. If Metropolis current limitation were changed to eight days, milk prices would drop, but product quality would be unaffected. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above? (A) Most consumers keep milk no more than three days after purchase. (B) A recent survey showed that 20 percent of Metropolis consumers favored extending the current limitation on the sale of milk to 8 days. (C) Metropolis’ grocerystore owners would prefer small, frequent deliveries of milk to larger, infrequent deliveries. (D) Milk kept longer than 14 days after pasteurization generally presents no medical dangers if consumed. (E) In Metropolis, conditions for handling and storing milk after pasteurization are seldom close to optimum. 例 3. The country of Maravia has severe air pollution, 80 percent of which is caused by the exhaust fumes of cars. In order to reduce the number of cars on the road, the government is raising taxes on the cost of buying and running a car by 20 percent. This tax increase, therefore will significantly reduce air pollution in Maravia. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? (A) The government of Maravia is in the process of building a significant number of roadways. (B) Maravia is an oilproducing country and is able to refine an amount of gasoline sufficient for the needs of its pollution. (C) Maravia has had an excellent public transportation system for many years. (D) Niy percent of the population of Maravia is very prosperous and has a substantial amount of disposable ine. (E) In Maravia, cars that emit relatively low levels of pollutions cost 10 percent less to operate, on average, than do cars that emit high levels of pollutions. （ 2） 他因。 英文標(biāo)志詞： assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on. 橋梁型。 一 . 第一種文章（前提結(jié)論結(jié)構(gòu)）： 推測(cè)前提結(jié)論事實(shí) BA ??? ?? 標(biāo)志詞： since A,B。 supported。 二． 再讀文章（隨題型不同而發(fā)生變化）。 第二章：五大題型 1． 歸納 2． 演繹（假設(shè)，加強(qiáng)，削弱，評(píng)價(jià)） 3． 解釋 4． 填空 5． 句子作用 第一節(jié)：歸納 英文標(biāo)志詞： conclusion。 例 be mentally healthy, people must have selfrespect. People can maintain selfrespect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally. Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the stateme