【正文】 and blue jaysbirds the peregrine falcon prey on—were not adversely affected by DDT in their habitats. (E) Other birds of prey, such as the osprey, the bald cage, and the brown pclican, are found in the same area as is the peregrine falcon. 例 2. The town of Stavanger, Norway, was quiet and peaceful until early 1960’s, when Stavanger became Norway’s center for offshore oil exploration. Between then and now, violent crime and vandalism in Stavanger have greatly increased. Clearly, these social problems are among the results of Stavanger’s oil boom. Which of the following, if it occurred between the early 1960’s and now, gives the strongest support to the argument above? (A) The people of Stavanger rarely regret that their town was chosen to be Norway’s center for offshore oil exploration. (B) Norwegian sociologists expressed grave concern about the increase in violent crime and vandalism in Stavanger. (C) Violent crime and vandalism have remained low in Norwegian that had no oil boom. (D) Nonviolent crime, drug addiction, and divorce in Stavanger increased approximately as much as violent crime and vandalism did. (E) The oil boom necessitated the building of wider roads for the increased traffic in Stavanger. 3. 評價。 1． 解釋結果。 (1) 斷橋型。 假設：我應該是別人的老婆。 If A, then B. A→ B Only if A, then B. B→ A Must by A, in order to B. B→ A If only A, then B. A→ B Not A, unless B. A→ B A, unless B. B → A, A → B A require B. A→ B A is necessary to B. B→ A A depend/draw/base on B. A→ B 例 。 2． 排除法（通用排除法和無關詞排除法）。 A,clear B。 例 . According to a recent survey, marriage is fattening. Cited as evidence is the survey’s finding that the average woman gains 23 pounds and the average man gains 18 pounds during 13 years of marriage. The answer to which of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the reasoning presented in the survey? (A) Why was the period of time studied in the survey 13 years, rather than 12 or 14? (B) Did some of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during the time they were married? (C) How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years by single people of parable age to those surveyed? (D) Were the woman surveyed as active as the men surveyed, at the time survey was made? (E) Will the reported gains be maintained over the lifetimes of the persons surveyed? 二 . 第二種文章（因果結構）： 推測原因因果事實 BA ?? ?? 第三種文章（變態(tài)結構）： 推測前提結論事實 BA ??? ?? ?? ??因果 第二種文章的標志詞： 文中： A is due to B。 假設？（關于這種人） (A) 不可能被完全根治 t。 (C) 未獲得 t 的藥物治療。 A is result of B。 A,indicate/show B if A,then B。 第二章：五大題型 1． 歸納 2． 演繹（假設，加強，削弱，評價） 3． 解釋 4． 填空 5． 句子作用 第一節(jié)：歸納 英文標志詞： conclusion。 supported。 英文標志詞： assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on. 橋梁型。 credit A to B. 問題中： explanation, interpretation, hypothesis. 第三種文章的標志詞： 與第一種文章相同，表面上是前提結論結構，實質為因果結構， 即結論是前提的解釋。 例 5. Statistics over four consecutive years showed that four percent more automobile accidents happened in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California drivers. The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions? (A) Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns. (B) The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents. (C) Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described. (D) There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebrations that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks. (E) A time change at any other time of year would not produce a similar increase in accident 例 6． Although the ratio of physicians to total population is about the same in the United State and Canada, the United States has 33 percent more surgeons per capita. Clearly, this is the reason people in the United States undergo 40 percent more operations per capita than do Canadians. The explanation given above rests on an assumption that (A)patients in the United States do not have a greater need for surgery than do patients in Canada. (B)the population of the United States is not larger than that of Canada. (C)United States patients sometimes travel to Canada for certain kinds of surgery. (D)general practitioners in the United States do not as a rule examine a patient who is a candidate for surgery before sending the patient to a surgeon. (E)there are no unnecessary surgical operations performed in Canada. 第三節(jié)：解釋。 三 . 假設題補充。 A≠ B 例 1. Scientists now believe that artificialhip implants, previously thought to be safe, may actually increase the risk of cancer in recipients after about 45 years of use. Though these implants do improve the quality of recipient’s lives, the increased risk of cancer is an unacceptable price to pay for these improvements. Therefore, they should be banned. Which of the following, if true, is the strongest counterargument to the argument above? (A) Artificialhip implant surgery can cause severe plications, such as infection, chronic fever, and bone degeneration, and these plications can themselves be crippling or even fatal. (B) Almost all artificialhip implant recipients receive their implants at an age when they are unlikely to live more than an additional 30 years. (C) Although artificialhip implants increase the risk of cancer after about 45 year of use, a few of the cancers they ind