【正文】
如果收入較高的購(gòu)房者有較高的機(jī)會(huì)成本, 則 我們可以預(yù)料,他們會(huì)選擇通過房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人 來 購(gòu)買。 其中之一 是偏見存在,并且在考慮到這些購(gòu)房者的自我選擇,使用一個(gè)代理集團(tuán) 的 房?jī)r(jià)仍較高(由代理的變量系數(shù)表示)。這項(xiàng)研究表明住宅房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的信息是不對(duì)稱的,而且買方代理中介確實(shí)會(huì)影響房屋的搜尋工作。但在之后的研究中,喬德和弗瑞( 1986)使用了不同的數(shù)據(jù)后發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人能將房子賣到更高的價(jià)格。在某種程度上,這些不同的結(jié)果可能反映了數(shù)據(jù)的可用性問題,因?yàn)閹缀跛械倪@些早期研究都以本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)為依據(jù),并且所抽取的樣本的數(shù)量又往往很少,因此很難一概而論來衡量房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人對(duì)住房市場(chǎng)的直接影響。但我們的結(jié)果也同樣表明,支付更多的費(fèi)用并不是單單因?yàn)槭褂昧私?jīng)紀(jì)人。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),這個(gè)是由普羅比模型方程決定的, 而收入,年齡,經(jīng)驗(yàn)和對(duì)買方市場(chǎng)的認(rèn)識(shí),以及其他買主的特點(diǎn)都將作為變量引起函數(shù)的移動(dòng)(即改變?cè)诩彝セ蚬ぷ饔嘘P(guān)方面的移動(dòng)),從而影響買方是否選擇使用代理。然而,要確定這是否適用于整個(gè)住宅市場(chǎng)是不可能的,因?yàn)檠芯窟@一點(diǎn)要依靠當(dāng)?shù)氐臄?shù)據(jù)資料。換言之,這些購(gòu)買者通過經(jīng)紀(jì)人擁有了一個(gè)很好的的購(gòu)房途徑。s assistance. The layout of this study is as follows. The relevant literature is reviewed in section section 3, the data, variable selection, and model are described. section 4 presents the empirical results, and the last section contains the conclusions of the study. Literature review A broad range of research has focused on the determinants of housing prices. These include traditional estimates of housing demand, hedonic modeling of housing prices, the determinants of the tradeoff between price and time on the market, and models of the search process. Other literature has examined the role of real estate brokers and has focused on the impact of brokers on buyer search, or has examined the welfare and/or moralhazard implications of broker intermediation. Few studies have tried to measure the direct effects of real estate brokers on the housing market, and fewer still on home selling prices. The work that has been produced to date has often generated conflicting results. In part, these disparate results may reflect data availability problems, as virtually all of these earlier studies have been based on local data, and samples tended to be small, making generalizations difficult. In one of the first empirical studies of broker choice, Janssen and Jobson (1980) find that real estate agents do have an impact on price. Using data from the Canadian housing market, Janssen and Jobson39。 這些服務(wù)都表明,經(jīng)紀(jì)人向買家提供了額外的有價(jià)值的服務(wù)(除了向賣方提供服務(wù)),有時(shí)候,那些買家愿意支付那些額外的費(fèi)用。 在這個(gè)過程中,本 文 對(duì)整個(gè)住宅市場(chǎng)的效率以及經(jīng)紀(jì)中介市場(chǎng)的有效性提供了重要的見解。 本文參考了美國(guó)房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人協(xié)會(huì)研究部對(duì)全國(guó)購(gòu)房者和銷售者所進(jìn)行的調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)。 文獻(xiàn)綜述 大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)都集中的在研究 房?jī)r(jià)的決定因素,包括對(duì)住房需求,住房?jī)r(jià)格,以及價(jià)格和時(shí)間之間的關(guān)系的研究。亞瓦斯和科維爾( 1994)認(rèn)為至少在一定程度上賣方想通過經(jīng)紀(jì)人來控制價(jià)格。經(jīng)過比較后他們發(fā)現(xiàn),房?jī)r(jià)在不同的信息量和不同搜尋成本的買家中是相近的。 表 1 匯總統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,從調(diào)查樣本中, 對(duì) 有關(guān)交易是否代理不協(xié)助或代理輔助進(jìn)行 分類。這一決定被建模 成 一個(gè)八變量的函數(shù)。 埃德爾, 愛德華 A 赫克曼兩階段模型 是 是否使用代理及其后續(xù)效應(yīng)對(duì)價(jià)格的 影響 。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示, 在整個(gè) 房屋購(gòu)買和銷售過程 中 ,是郵寄到超 過 30000戶 人家的 。 近期特恩布爾和 錫爾曼斯 (1993)在調(diào)查不同的信息量和搜尋成本與房?jī)r(jià)的關(guān)系。較高的售價(jià)往往與 行政轉(zhuǎn)讓和經(jīng)紀(jì)人安排的再融資有關(guān)。當(dāng)這些買家決定使用經(jīng) 紀(jì)人來買房時(shí),他們也并不打算為此而付更多的錢,并且有一些證據(jù)表明,他們實(shí)際支付的錢比不使用經(jīng)紀(jì)人協(xié)助的買家要來的少。這種方法需要提供相關(guān)決定因素的信息才能確定住宅的價(jià)格。因此,問題 是 業(yè)主輔助銷售是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致價(jià)格的提高。 通過經(jīng)紀(jì)人買房子增加了可供購(gòu)房者選擇的房源,購(gòu)房者還可以向經(jīng)紀(jì)人提出 自己對(duì)房子的要求,如要求的房屋的質(zhì)量以及希望房屋的街道位置。1 中文 3000 字 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外 文 翻 譯 原文: Buying a House and the Decision to Use a Real Estate Broker Introduction What is it that residential real estate brokers do and why would a home buyer engage their services? As is often the case,answering this question is not a simple task. Home buyers who acquire their house through a broker do not purchase just a housethey also obtain the services of the broker. In other words, these buyers are consuming a bundled good. One dimension of this good is lower search time, and thus lower search costs, associated with buying through a broker. Recent research (Baryla and Zumpano, 1995) suggests that choosing a broker improves the marginal efficiency o