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作者在第二段一整段都是在說兩種女權(quán)主義者的所共同同意的地方。s emancipation to what they considered the more important goal of liberating the entire Russian population from political oppression, economic backwardness, and social injustice. 文章的七經(jīng)八脈: 兩種女權(quán)主義者 雖然觀點不同,但是有三處相同的地方 細化三處相同點 這篇文章脈絡(luò)清晰,作者的意圖也比較明顯,就是確定兩種觀點的相同點。 補充提示: 工會的意思: 工會,或稱勞工總會、工人聯(lián)合會。這個翻譯過來就和考點上說的差不多啦 ~ 確定一個對歷史事件的解釋的一個錯誤的假設(shè)。 這個選項 較易排除, 不過要注意,這個很容易用我們的常識來推出來。 Correct。這個原文中也根本沒有提及。原文中沒有提到加入管理決策的問題。 Question 11: The unions39。 分析文章: 這篇文章其實還是有些難度的文章,倒不是說邏輯有多么難懂,是文中用了一些詞來表示同樣的概念。 補充提示: 可能有些同學會對美國國會( Congress),聯(lián)邦政府( Federal Government) 和 參議院( Senator)與眾議院( the House of Representatives)不熟悉,導(dǎo)致這篇文章讀的比較郁悶,這里給大家簡單掃一下盲 ~ 美國聯(lián)邦政府( Federal Government)是依據(jù)三權(quán)分立與聯(lián)邦制度、二大政治思想而制定,當初在起草憲法時因恐權(quán)力過分集中于個人或某一部門將危害人民的自由,因而將立法、司法,行政三種權(quán)力分別獨立,互相制衡,以避免政府濫權(quán)。 Correct。如果以推論來看的話,也 不能推出這個結(jié)論,不與土著簽訂協(xié)議不代表土著不能上訴,這兩者之間沒有什么邏輯聯(lián)系。這個選項定位在“ the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to nonIndian settlement without tribal consent. ”從這里可以知道土著們的土地是沒有得到確認的。 在1871 年以后 其實國會對于條約的批準權(quán)是沒有改變的,只是聯(lián)邦政府“鉆”了空子,走的是立法的道路, 所以就談不上削弱了。 我們無從得知 聯(lián)邦政府與土著協(xié)議的簽訂在1871 年 時是否受到很大的影響,文中只提到了聯(lián)邦政府和土著繼續(xù)聯(lián)系著。這個題目 如果對于“ Federal Government”和“ Congress”之間的關(guān)系十分不了解的話,定位部分還是比較難以看明白的, 在下面的補充提示之中 做了盡可能簡潔的介紹,某些美國的常識還是需要了解 的。) 附圖( Scurve): Essay 3 In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to nonIndian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court39。 解釋盡管有一些 研究說明實際情況不符合經(jīng)濟模型,但它仍然是有效的 。文中第二段指出了有些研究指出實際情況和此模型不一致。 公司們將開始跨越國境去增強競爭的優(yōu)勢。 激烈的競爭會讓許多公司擴大他們的目標市場。 對于一個特定的現(xiàn)象提出的具體的例子。作者不同意,就列舉了一個可能的對與這個“ inconsistent”的解釋。考點里有,這里就不摘抄了。 這樣的研究沒有足夠重視競爭性在新 建立的州級或市級公司 中的地位 。 很多同志們對 critique 這個詞比較困惑: 郎文的解釋 critique to say how good or bad a book, play, painting, or set of ideas is → evaluate He offered to critique our plans. 我個人認為,這個詞既有評價又有批評的意思,做選擇時,不能僅根 據(jù)這個詞的詞義進行排除哈 ~ Essay 2 The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and petitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to anize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seekcustomers, suppliers, and employeesare limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of petition. At high density levels, however, petitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the petitors, the fiercer the petition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field. While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and petitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a nationallevel analysis can understate the true legitimation and petitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or are being international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm bees established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysisfor example, finding that the model39。另外,這些女性統(tǒng)計學家并沒有要求方法改變,而是要求考慮的更加全面,即考慮“ overlap” 。千萬不要引入個人的思想,個人的常識于答題之中。 1840 年的普查計算家庭成員的方法。原文第二段 第一句“ The 1850 census initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. ” 。文章中并沒有什么爭論,而是一項信息的逐步完善的過程。 Correct。s occupations and wages. 文章的七經(jīng)八脈: 19 世紀,職業(yè)信息在社會的變遷中逐步完善 1840 年職業(yè)信息是什么樣子的 —1850 年職業(yè)信息是什么樣子的 —1870 年職業(yè)信息是什么樣子的 1890 年職業(yè)信息是什么樣子的。 邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)( Logical structure) 旨在考察我們對作者寫作目的更深層次的認識,以及文章本身的邏輯 應(yīng)用文中的信息于文章之外( Applying information to a context outside the passage itself) 旨在考察我們對文章整體或某處細節(jié)的把握,選項中出現(xiàn)的東西都不屬于文章,但要“貌離神合”。思想和文章并無二致,但是載體千變?nèi)f化。 從文中可以讀出作者邏輯上希望展示的是這個“逐步”的過程。描述和解釋一個歷史上 的變化。 Question 2: Each of the following aspects of nieenthcentury United States censuses is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT the year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender year in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the head of the household year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping house was first calculated way in which the 1890 census measured women39。 第一次計算兩類人(在家的女人和在外工作的女人)重疊 部分 信息的年份。原文第一段第二句解釋了計算的方法 ( simple enumeration) 。 Correct。 他們認為如果女性更多的聘請為普查官員,那么普查將會更準確。s operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels. 文章的七經(jīng)八脈: 有一個 “ model”可以解釋面向特定市場的公司在什么情況下創(chuàng)建 解釋這個“ model”能被應(yīng)用的原理 但貌似有些情況不能用這個“ model”解釋 提出一種可能的原因(即不是不可以解釋,是用該“ model”的范圍不對) 作者先說明這個模型是什么,然后解釋這個