【正文】 buffers from 71 up to 479 bytes were selected。s user can monitor biosignals or still images ing from the Telemedicine unit, thus keeping a continuous online munication with the patient site. This unit has the full control of the Telemedicine session. The doctor (user) can send all possible mands concerning both still image transmission and biosignals transmission. Figure 6 presents a typical biosignalreceiving window (continuous operation). 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 15 c) Technical Constraints – Feasibility Biosignals transmission 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 16 Along with biosignals, information concerning the monitor, such as the alarms or the monitor status, is transmitted from the Telemedicine unit to the base unit. The ECG waveform and SpO2 or Co2 Waveform (where available) is the continuous signals transmitted, trends are transmitted for the rest of data. ECG data are sampled at a rate of 200 samples/sec by 10 bits/sample or 12 bits/sample, for all monitors used, thus resulting in a generation of 2020 bits/sec and 2400 bits/sec for one ECG channel. SpO2 and Co2 waveforms are sampled at a rate of 100 samples/sec by 10 bit/sample。 forward) needs, ECG leads required (3 or 12 leads), etc. These last are examined in more detail in the next paragraph, where the overall technical description of the system is provided. System design and technical implementation As mentioned above, the system consists of two separate modules (Figure 1): a) the unit located at the patient39。s third highest death rate due to car crashes, show that 77,4 % of the 2500 fatal injuries in accidents were injured far away from any petent healthcare institution, thus resulting in long response times. In addition, the same studies reported that 66% of deceased people passed away during the first 24 hours. The reduction of all those high death rates is definitely achievable through strategies and measures, which improve access to care, administration of prehospital care and patient monitoring care telemetry is another case of handling emergency situations. The main point is to monitor continuously intensive care units39。據(jù)現(xiàn)在的發(fā)展情形可以看出系統(tǒng)很有前景，所以為滿足 未來需求，激勵(lì)著我們不斷發(fā)展和提高該系統(tǒng)。數(shù)據(jù)包的大小依次有 字節(jié)。 數(shù)據(jù)傳輸使用的是 TCP/IP網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議，網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸數(shù)據(jù)使用 TCP/IP協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)單且容易 ，又具有高帶寬、低誤碼率。使用不同種類的衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)會(huì)增加儀器的價(jià)錢和用戶的開銷。采用什么 方法取決于所傳輸?shù)男碾妶D的波形通道和無線通路的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率。 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 第 5 頁 共 19 頁 通過基本單元，用戶可以完全控制遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療端。遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元用戶要做的僅僅是把生理信號(hào)檢測(cè)器連接到病人，然后打開計(jì)算機(jī)。通過這些具體實(shí)踐，我們已經(jīng)定相了解了實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療裝置的需要，這將進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)我們形成一個(gè)靈活的體系結(jié)構(gòu)，可用于需要信息傳輸?shù)木o急病例或者是監(jiān)測(cè)病例。 在系統(tǒng)技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)以前，上述遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的總設(shè)想應(yīng)根據(jù)目前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和需求而制定，只有這樣，在設(shè)計(jì)和發(fā)展過程中，才能把諸多因素都考慮進(jìn)去，所以才能在任何環(huán)境和情形下達(dá)到最大的適用性和可用性。此外，同樣的調(diào)查表明 66﹪的死者是在死前最近的 24 小時(shí)喪身的。遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療的概念是大約 30 年前隨著一些現(xiàn)在很普通的技術(shù)，比如電話、傳真機(jī)等提出的。一個(gè)完整的系統(tǒng)可以用于在救護(hù)車、鄉(xiāng)村衛(wèi)生所和輪船上處理緊急醫(yī)療事故，只需在緊急情況處安裝一個(gè)可移動(dòng)的遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元，而在醫(yī)院專家處安裝一個(gè)基本單元；還可加強(qiáng)重病特別護(hù)理的防范工作，給重點(diǎn)護(hù)理組的醫(yī)生安裝一個(gè)基本可移動(dòng)單元，同時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元仍在重點(diǎn)護(hù)理病人所在地，這樣就可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)家庭的無線監(jiān)測(cè)，通過安裝遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元在病人的家里，而基本單元在醫(yī)院或者是醫(yī)生的辦公室。該系統(tǒng)可傳輸重要的生物信號(hào)包括病人的肖像。目前，遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)包括的工藝技術(shù)有交互式視頻、高清晰度監(jiān)視器、高速互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和交換系統(tǒng)及高速無線電機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 第 2 頁 共 19 頁 通信含纖維光學(xué)和衛(wèi)星。 減小這種事故的死亡率是完全可能的，可通過采用一些病人可更好地進(jìn)行院前護(hù)理、監(jiān)測(cè)的方法和策略。表一提供了這個(gè)總思路的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí) 兼顧了一系列可影響遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（如價(jià)格、輕便性、自治性、裝置的重量和大小、計(jì)算機(jī)、攝像機(jī)的類型和質(zhì)量、所采用的通訊方法），除此之外遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療的應(yīng)用還可通過其它標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)，像安全需要，傳輸類型（連續(xù)地存儲(chǔ)和轉(zhuǎn)送），心電圖要求等。 遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元負(fù)責(zé)從易發(fā)地帶收集和傳輸生理信號(hào)和病人的肖像，而醫(yī)生單元負(fù)責(zé)接收和顯示輸入數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)算機(jī)將自動(dòng)連接到基本單元。用戶還能夠監(jiān)測(cè)與客戶端（遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元）的連接狀態(tài)，發(fā)送像圖四那樣的操作模式（生理信號(hào)和圖像）到遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元。持續(xù)操作時(shí)，基本端用戶可以向遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療監(jiān)測(cè)端發(fā)送指令對(duì)波形進(jìn)行測(cè)量，如血壓；用戶也可暫停輸入心電圖。像我們這種情況使用 INMARAS 電話系統(tǒng)即可，而數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率僅僅是 2400bps，但儀器便宜，開銷少。要傳輸 n 字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)塊，使用 TCP/IP 協(xié)議，需在報(bào)頭另加 55 字節(jié)。 由上所述，圖 8 是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)臏y(cè)量。 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 8 Multipurpose HealthCare Telemedicine Systems with mobile munication link support E Kyriacou*1,2, S Pavlopoulos1, A Berler1, M Neophytou1, A Bourka1, A Georgoulas1, A Anagnostaki1, D Karayiannis3, C Schizas2, C Pattichis2,A Andreou2 and D Koutsouris1 abstract The provision of effective emergency telemedicine and home monitoring solutions are the major fields of interest discussed in this study. Ambulances, Rural Health Centers (RHC) or other remote health location such as Ships navigating in wide seas are mon examples of possible emergency sites, while critical care telemetry and telemedicine home followups are important issues of telemonitoring. In order to support the above different growing application fields we created a bined realtime and store and forward facility that consists of a base unit and a telemedicine (mobile) unit. This integrated system: can be used when handling emergency cases in ambulances, RHC or ships by using a mobile telemedicine unit at the emergency site and a base unit at the hospitalexpert39。 (ICU) patients at a hospital and at the same time to display all telemetry information to the petent doctors anywhere, anytime [14]. In this pattern, the responsible doctor can be informed about the patient39。s site called Telemedicine unit and b) the unit located at doctor39。 thus resulting in a generation of 1000 bits/sec for one channel. Trends for SpO2, HR, NIBP, BP, Temp and monitor data are updated with a refresh rate of one per second, thus adding a small fraction of data to be transmitted approximately up to 200 bits/sec. All biosignals monitors used with the system can provide digital output of the collected signals [3638]. Image transmission Images captured by the Telemedicine unit39。 the size of buffers is proportional to the data rate that the Propaq 2xx sends through the RS232 serial port. The packets had sizes: 71, 95, 143, 239, 287, 335, 383, 431, 455, 479 bytes. Using all the above buffers we made some measurements on the bytes that were received and transmitted to and from the base unit of the telemedicine system. Figure 8 shows the results of the bytes transmitted and received from the server unit when having a telemedicine unit connected with GSM to the server. Numbers 1 to 10 represent the size of the buffers used, 1 for the smallest (71 bytes) up to 10 for the largest (479 by