【正文】 5 the user of the base unit is able to choose and connect to anyone of the telemedicine units connected on the work. The units connected on the work can be ICU telemedicine units or distance mobile telemedicine units connected through phone lines. The Base Unit39。 c) in cases where we do not necessarily need autonomy, portability and small system size, a Typical Pentium Desktop PC is used. The control of the Telemedicine unit is fully automatic. The only thing the telemedicine unit user has to do is connect the biosignal monitor to the patient and turn on the PC. The PC then performs the connection to the base unit automatically. Although the base unit basically controls the overall system operation, the Telemedicine unit user can also execute a number of mands. This option is useful when the system is used in a distance health center or in a ship and a conversation between the two sites takes place. b) Base Unit (or Doctor39。s location while the 機械專業(yè)中英文文獻翻譯 12 Doctor39。s site called Telemedicine unit and b) the unit located at doctor39。s technical implementation, an overview of the current trends and needs in the aforementioned Telemedicine applications was made, so that the different requirements are taken into account during design and development, thus ensuring maximum applicability and usability of the final system in distinct environments and situations. Table 1 provides the results of this overview, which was done towards a predefined list of criteria that usually influence a Telemedicine application implementation (cost, portability, autonomy, weight and size of Telemedicine device, type and quality of 機械專業(yè)中英文文獻翻譯 11 PC and camera, munication means used). Besides the above, the Telemedicine applications can be examined towards other criteria, like for example security needs, transmission type (continuos, store amp。s site, whereas the base unit (or doctor39。s not physically present. This is feasible through advanced telemunications means or in other words via Telemedicine. Methods Trends and needs of Telemedicine systems As mentioned above, scope of this study was to design and implement an integrated Telemedicine system, able to handle different Telemedicine needs especially in the fields of: 機械專業(yè)中英文文獻翻譯 10 ? Emergency health care provision in ambulances, Rural Hospital Centers (or any other remote located health center) and navigating Ships ? Intensive care patients monitoring ? Home telecare, especially for patients suffering from chronic and /or permanent diseases (like heart disease). In other words we determined a Multipurpose system consisting of two major parts: a) Telemedicine unit (which can be portable or not portable depending on the case) and b) Base unit or doctor39。 (ICU) patients at a hospital and at the same time to display all telemetry information to the petent doctors anywhere, anytime [14]. In this pattern, the responsible doctor can be informed about the patient39。s survival [2]. Especially in cases of serious head injuries, spinal cord or internal organs trauma, the way the incidents are treated and transported is crucial for the future well being of the patients. A quick look to past car accident statistics points out clearly the issue: During 1997, 6753500 incidents were reported in the United States [3] from which about 42020 people lost their lives, 2182660 drivers and 1125890 passengers were injured. In Europe during the same period 50000 people died resulting of car crash injuries and about half a million were severely injured. Furthermore, studies pleted in 1997 in Greece [4], a country with the world39。s site and instruct unspecialized personnel when handling an emergency or telemonitoring case. Due to the need of storing and archiving of all data interchanged during the telemedicine sessions, we have equipped the consultation site with a multimedia database able to store and manage the data collected by the system. The performance of the system has been technically tested over several telemunication means。s home while the base unit remains at the physician39。 機械專業(yè)中英文文獻翻譯 8 Multipurpose HealthCare Telemedicine Systems with mobile munication link support E Kyriacou*1,2, S Pavlopoulos1, A Berler1, M Neophytou1, A Bourka1, A Georgoulas1, A Anagnostaki1, D Karayiannis3, C Schizas2, C Pattichis2,A Andreou2 and D Koutsouris1 abstract The provision of effective emergency telemedicine and home monitoring solutions are the major fields of interest discussed in this study. Ambulances, Rural Health Centers (RHC) or other remote health location such as Ships navigating in wide seas are mon examples of possible emergency sites, while critical care telemetry and telemedicine home followups are important issues of telemonitoring. In order to support the above different growing application fields we created a bined realtime and store and forward facility that consists of a base unit and a telemedicine (mobile) unit. This integrated system: can be used when handling emergency cases in ambulances, RHC or ships by using a mobile telemedicine unit at the emergency site and a base unit at the hospitalexpert39。目前，該系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在兩個不同國家，希臘和塞浦路斯安裝且正在使用。在接收數(shù)據(jù)和與專家交談時，允許用戶在可自由模式下操作，這種先進的人為控制界面提高了系統(tǒng)的功能性。經(jīng)多方面考慮，我們選擇的數(shù)據(jù)塊大小是 431 字節(jié)。 由上所述，圖 8 是對數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)臏y量。進行試驗時，選擇了從 71 到 479 字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)包，數(shù)據(jù)包的大小與發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)率成正比，發(fā)送時使用串口 RS232 。采用一種充分利用 帶寬的方法，使傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)要么充分大，要么充分小。 當傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)流大小大于最大允許的傳輸單元時，這個數(shù)據(jù)流將分裂成幾個較小的數(shù)據(jù)包，每個包都和允許的最大傳輸單元一樣大，而達到目的地時，所有分裂的包將會重新連接；如果其中分裂的任何一個包丟失，將會引起嚴重錯誤。要傳輸 n 字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)塊，使用 TCP/IP 協(xié)議，需在報頭另加 55 字節(jié)。本論文所針對的對象是鄉(xiāng)村衛(wèi)生所、救護車或航海的輪船。采取什么方法主要取決于所使用的無線電通訊的最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率和不同情況下生理信號監(jiān)測器的數(shù)字輸出量。 通過無線通訊傳輸實際所能達到的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率從來不會超過理論值，而實際數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率取決于系統(tǒng)使用的地區(qū)和時間 。像我們這種情況使用 INMARAS 電話系統(tǒng)即可，而數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率僅僅是 2400bps，但儀器便宜，開銷少。系統(tǒng)技術(shù)測試使用的 GSM 網(wǎng)絡，目前允許的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率達到了 9600bps（但處于 正常的操作狀態(tài)下），使用高速環(huán)繞交換數(shù)據(jù)時可達到 ；大概范圍是 24