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這將 強調(diào)強烈上訴 審判的 需要沒有隱藏問題 的本質(zhì) ,簡言之 ,這 將滿足 形式和功能 的雙重需要 。 If closer review of certain issues of fact seems justified notwithstanding, ., problems with demeanor evidence, perhaps on the basis of (often correct) judicial intuition, it behooves the CAFC to confront the issue squarely. It could turn out, on closer inspection, that such review is unwarranted or, if warranted, falls within a recognized exception. It is possible, too, that a new theory may need to be evolved to explain a new exception. The worst that could happen would be to fail to deal with the issue head on. That would leave trial courts and the bar would also seem to encourage unduly the inefficient practice of relitigating issues in a setting which would not have been appropriate for dealing with them in the first instance. 如果事實 的必然爭論點的近一步評審似乎 審查 得很有 道理,例如 , 風范證據(jù) 的 問題 ,可能在司法直覺 (通常是正確的) 的基礎上,理當由 美國聯(lián)邦巡回法院直接 面對 問題。不過,既不是 那樣, 也 不是有放馬后炮 傾向 的人可能再替特別 上訴 評審辯 護會 而不是替來自陪審團隱瞞的 非顯而易見性辯護 (或與此有關 的 醫(yī)療事故)。 在致力于這個事實之前 , 對非顯而易見性更 仔細 的 考察可能是有用的。他的理由是有效性是法律的問題,因為他說: “專利標準是憲法標 準 。事實上,他堅持認為,單純的新穎性,即使加上市場的成功,早已不足以支持專利的有效性。至少在沒有新的 發(fā)現(xiàn)在訴訟中出現(xiàn) ,對涉及的有效性提出挑戰(zhàn),不僅憲法利益的問題(第一條 第 8款第 8項 ), 也是一個 對于專利和商標是局的調(diào)查結(jié)果的變相 挑戰(zhàn) 。 更加積極地 分享實況調(diào)查功能往往會破壞在當事人的心目中的區(qū)法院的合法性,一些事實問題的上訴重審 案件將會速度增加,司法權(quán)威將會 不必要的重新分配。 Indeed, this is inherent in rights to jury trials。 專業(yè)術(shù)語“事實”,更精確地 應該被 稱為“裁決的事實”, 而這個 最準確的定義具有可操作性。 103 condition... lends itself to several basic factual inquiries.” 最直接相關的專利訴訟的先例中的上訴審查是比較模糊的。 它的駁回帶有鮮明的特征 ,即在 考慮了 《 美國聯(lián)邦民法 》 第 52 頁中所規(guī)定的 審查基層法院上訴的非顯而易見的程度后才發(fā)回重審。本文 討論的是 ,如果法院都傾向于 對 專利的 非顯而易見性 堅持更 嚴格 的審查, 則 另外兩個問題需要考慮:第一, 審查 是否應當擴大到所有涉及專利的有效性 審查 ,而且,第二,審查 是否應根據(jù)“憲制上的事實”原則 來 進行。人們希望,隨著 Dennison 案件的發(fā)回重申,能夠取得一些進展,解決這些重要問題。 Unfortunately, the water is muddied when courts occasionally resolve fact issues as a“ matter of law.” Yet, even then, the operational definition stands: If a matter is sufficiently well established in the record that reasonable minds could not differ, it is within the ultimate control of judges, not a jury. Hence, in sorting out “l(fā)aw” and “fact” issues, roles of judge and jury are paramount. 不幸的是,在法院偶然的一次將事實問題當做判例法來解決后水還是被攪渾了。 Until 1985, the depth of review sometimes varied depending on whether cases turned on demeanor or documentary evidence. The latter had sometimes been accorded less 1985年,審查的深度有時視乎案件的行為或書面證據(jù)而不等。他還對當一項憲法事實被行政機關發(fā)現(xiàn)時它的審查深度時候可信度表示懷疑。然而,很少 有案 件會轉(zhuǎn)移到這方面來 , 任何最高法院所作出的有效性裁決 都是 值得懷疑的 。 The most noteworthy aspect of that case, for present purposes, is a concurring opinion by Justice Douglas. There, it was argued that the majority would have been justified in reversing, notwithstanding the twocourt rule. He reasoned that validity is a question of law because “The standard of patentability is a constitutional standard。P, it would have been helpful in understanding what was meant by calling validity a question of law. Nevertheless, the explicit constitutional origins of the patent system, perhaps coupled with the fact that validity may involve collateral review of administrative action, could serve as a basis for de novo review of questions of fact. Whether the constitutional fact doctrine or anything else should be used to that end, however, is another question. Before attending to it, a closer examination of nonobviousness may be useful. 如果 Graham引述司法部 Douglas在 A& P公司 的觀點 ,這將 對理解 什么是調(diào)用 法律效力問題 是有幫助的 。然而, 然而 ,盡管 非顯而易見性 已經(jīng) 被 發(fā)現(xiàn)在Hotchkiss 是具有憲法 ,一個隱含要求將很難超過 與憲法同樣明晰的 實用要求。然而, 忽略 審查標準,它不能 依賴 證人 相對可靠性來 猜測糾紛 的解決 。 Should review more intensive than permitted under Rule 52(