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usually become clumsy month or years after the gait disorder with intention tremor;Dysarthric speech appears after the arms are involved (rarely is this an early symptom)。 雙下肢肌無(wú)力,肌張力低(muscle tone decreased),跟膝脛試驗(yàn)(Heelkneeshin)和閉目難立征(Romberg sign)陽(yáng)性; 下肢音叉震動(dòng)覺(jué)(vibration sense)和關(guān)節(jié)位置覺(jué)(joint position sense)減退是早期體征; 后期可有Babinski sign, Muscle atrophy,occasionally, sphincter distubances;,第二十六頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。 (4).通常起病15年后臥床(bedridden),多于40~50歲死于感染或心臟病。)、心律紊亂及傳導(dǎo)阻滯; (3). Echocardiography: Hypertrophy; (4). 視誘發(fā)電位(visual evoked potential): Amplitude decreased; (5). 腦脊液(cerebrospinal fluid): normal protein; (6). DNA分析FRDA基因18號(hào)內(nèi)含子GAA大于66次重復(fù)。 Dysarthria, Nystagmus, tendon reflex absent and Babinski sign; loss of vibratory and joint position sense。,第二十九頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。 6. treatment no effective treatment is available ,輕癥病人給予支持療法,康復(fù)(rehabilitation)治療;重癥者可手術(shù)矯治弓形足等畸形;用胞二磷膽堿、毒扁豆堿可能有一定的療效。,1. etiology and pathogenesis SCA有共同的突變機(jī)制,即相應(yīng)的基因外顯子(exon)CAG拷貝數(shù)異常擴(kuò)增,產(chǎn)生多聚谷氨酰胺鏈(SCA8除外),產(chǎn)生毒性功能,共同的突變機(jī)制也是造成SCA各亞型的臨床表現(xiàn)雷同的原因。,2. pathology The common pathological lesion of SCA is in cerebellum、brainstem,with the degenerative spinal cord. 但各亞型也有其特點(diǎn)(t232。 (2). 首發(fā)(shǒu fā)癥狀多為下肢共濟(jì)失調(diào),走路搖晃、突然跌倒、發(fā)音困難;繼而出現(xiàn)雙手笨拙及意向性震顫(intention tremor)。一般起病后10~20年患者不能行走。如 SCA1的眼肌麻痹(ophthalmoplegia),尤其上視不能較突出; SCA2的上肢腱反射減弱或消失,眼慢掃視運(yùn)動(dòng)較明顯; SCA3的肌萎縮、面肌(facial)及舌肌(glossal)纖顫(fasciculation)、眼瞼退縮形成凸眼;,第三十五頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。,第三十六頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。,第三十七頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。 基因診斷確定其亞型及CAG擴(kuò)增次數(shù)是確診的golden standard。)治療可緩解癥狀。,第四十頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。n)。 I型神經(jīng)纖維呈對(duì)稱性節(jié)段性脫髓鞘,部分髓鞘再生,Schwann細(xì)胞增生與修復(fù)(xiūf249。,3. clinical findings CMT I型(脫髓鞘型): (1) the age of onset is late childhood and adolescence. the symmetrical chronic degeneration of peripheral nerve result in distal muscle atrophy,多數(shù)患者開(kāi)始是足和下肢,數(shù)月至數(shù)年可波及到手肌和前臂肌,extensors are involved early, Flexor is normal, 產(chǎn)生馬蹄內(nèi)翻足和爪形足(claw foot)畸形(jīx237。,(2) 檢查可見(jiàn) 受累肢體肌肉萎縮,小腿肌肉和大腿的下1/3肌肉(the lower third of the thigh muscle weak and atrophy),just like stork leg or inverted champagne bottle,手肌萎縮,并波及前臂肌肉,變成爪形手。,第四十五頁(yè),共五十四頁(yè)。 CMT II型(軸索型): late onset,muscle atrophy occur at adult,clinical features are the same as CMT I型. But lighter than it; CSF: Protein is normal。 (2).X連鎖(li225。 (4). Nerve Biopsy: CMT I型的周圍神經(jīng)改變主要是脫髓鞘和雪旺氏細(xì)胞增生形成“onion bulb”; CMT II型主要是軸突變性。 (5).cerebrospinal fluid: normal,少數(shù)病例蛋白含量增高。 nerve biopsy show neurogenic atrophy ; (6). Gene detection find CMT1A gene repeat。)或PMP22基因的點(diǎn)突變(1A); 2型為1號(hào)染色體短臂(1p35~36)的基因突變(2A)。);但該病成年起病,肌電圖顯示肌源性損害,運(yùn)動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)速度正常可資鑒別(ji224。 (3). 慢性炎癥性脫髓鞘性多發(fā)性神經(jīng)病(chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy): 進(jìn)展相對(duì)較快,CSF蛋白含量增多,強(qiáng)的松治療效果較好。 (5) 遺傳性共濟(jì)失調(diào)伴肌萎縮(hereditary ataxia with muscular atrophy): 又稱RoussyL233。,7. treatment and prevention (1). No specific treatment is known,主要是對(duì)癥治療和支持療法,垂足或足畸形可穿著矯型鞋。 8. prognosis This illness progress very slowly . 大多數(shù)患者可存活數(shù)十年,對(duì)癥處理可提高患者生活質(zhì)量。ng)總結(jié),第十六章 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)遺傳病