【正文】 He wrote sonnets in imitation of Petrarch. 2. Howard(Earl of Surrey): a .He invented the English sonnet b. He invented blank verseThe Songs and Sonnets by Wyatt and Surrey was the first anthology of English lyric poems. (1557) Chapter III. The Elizabethan Age(Flowering Age)I. Poetry 1. John Lyly : a Romance Euphunes, the Anatomy of Wit (adventures of a young Athenian) b. As a style, euphumism is from the Romace2. Philip Sidney: important work :Arcadia ( to please his sister) b. He wrote the first. series of sonnets (sonnet sequence) known as Astrophel (star—lover)and Stella (the star, Penelope, a girl). c. criticism: Apology for Poetry. d. Life: He’s Spencer’s friend. Spencer wrote Shepherd’s Calendar to dedicate to him. He was a courtier, a scholar and soldier.3. Edmund Spencer(1552—1599): a. the greatest nondramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age b. the first master of English verse c) Chaucer is his model.(pastoral poem)d) His first work is The Shepherd’s Calendar. e.) Second work , The Amoretti, a sequence of 89 sonnets, containing Spencer’s love poems to his future wife, Elizabeth Boyle. f) He invented Spencerian Sonnet (ab ab bc bc cdcd ee) g)Masterpiece: Faerie Queen(planned in 12 books but only 6 finished) in Spencerian Stanza(first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the ninth has two more syllables, rhyming ababbc bcc) h) His Themes: 1) Nationalism 2)Humanism 3) Puritanism i)Influence: His Spencerian stanza has been utilized by Thomson, Keats, Shelley and Byron.j) Shorting in poetry: lack of power and unity .k) school belonging: Like Lyly and Sidney, Spencer was a court poet. Novels were I nfluenced either by Euphunes (Lyly) or by . Arcadia (Sidney). l)His position: master painter and the 1st to make English the natural music in poetry.. m)Why is Spencer called the “Poet’s Poet”? He is so called because of his superb technical skill, perfect melodies, rare sense of beauty, splendid imagination, lofty moral purity and seriousness and delicate idealism. l)The Elizabethan Age was called “a nest of singing birds” because there was great achievement in lyric poetry. 2)The glory of English sonnet rests mainly with Sidney, Spencer and Shakespeare. 3)Even the Queen, Elizabeth I, wrote When I was Fair and Young (a song). II. Drama1. The morality play Everyman at the end of 15th century marks the beginning of modern English drama.2. Two Influences on Elizabethan Drama: a) Influence from the classics. b) Influence from the popular drama.3. First Known Dramatists: Nicholas Udall (Ralph Roister Doister), Mr. S( Gammar Gurten’s Needle, the first English edy)The first English tragedy was Gorboduc or Ferrex and Porrex (by Thomas Sackvill and Thomas Norton, two lawyers in 10th century)5. Three kinds of Drama a)The Miracle (It is the root of English drama. It is based on Bible stories.)(Miracles were first performed in the churches)b) The morality (It presents the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Folly, etc.) (Everyman is a morality) c) Interlude (A short performance during the break )( The Play of the Weather is such a play)6. The University Wits: a) They are Lyly, Lodge, Peele, Greene, Nash and Marlowe, b) the most influential is Marlowe. 7. Marlowe: a) He was the predecessor of Shakespeare. b) He was the greatest pioneer of English drama c) His two achievements: 1) He first made blank verse ( unrhymed iambic drama) the principal instrument of English drama. 2) He replaced the stilted heroes of drama in the past by men of vitality and passion. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama d) His works paved the way for Shakespeare e)His works : ①Doctor Faustus (for knowledge) ②Tamburlaine (based on a German legend, ambition), Jew of Malta (greed for wealth) All are tragedies.f)Themes of His plays: ①Scorn of orthodox creeds ②Praise of individuality. g)Faustus is the hero in Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus. He’s a young and brilliant scholar. He has an insatiable desire for knowledge. 8. Walter Releigh: Soldier, statesman, seafarer, poet, historian and scientist He wrote “Discovery of Guiana”, an account. of exploration, and History of the World. Jonson: a) He was the successor of Shakespeare. b)He was the greatest writer of edy after Shakespeare. c) His masterpieces are Velpone and The Alchemist( about a swindle). They are both plays. d) Everyman in His Humour and Sejanus are his other plays. E)His plays are written according to “humours”. f)Every character in his edies personified a definite humour, so his characters are like caricatures. g)His pays were not deep but had much surface energy. i) The first playhouse (built in 1576)in London was closed in 1692. j) During Ben Jonson’s time, drama was already declining. k) His contibution: a)Humour b) Forrunner of classicism c) Having followers sons of Ben (1564—1616): Little is known about him from:1)the church and legal records2) folk tradition 3) ments of his contemporaries. He was born in StratfordonAvon. He went to a grammar school. He became part owner of the theatre, “Globe.” after he acted and wrote plays and became famous .2.Analyze Hamlet: a) He’s a humanist free from medieval prejudice and superstition. b) He has love for the world rather than heaven.c) He loves good and hates evil. d) He is a close observer. He can easily see through people e) He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all rolled into one.2.Macbeth : a) He is the character of Macbeth by Shakespeare. 麥克佩斯b) He is a plicated and contradictory man c) He is a courageous (brave) and clever. d) He is greedy and ambitiouse) He bees the prey of his ambition. f) Longing for power drove him to crime.1. In 1611 , the Bible was translated into English from Latin. Authorized version, or King Jame’s Bible is the triumph of Elizabethan prose.2. The best