【正文】 intensity. Sometimes the transition to a new culture has an immediate impact, and sometimes it is a delayed reaction. ? 美國羅德島大學(xué)的陳國明教授這樣描述自己的文化適應(yīng)：我在美國已經(jīng)待了超過 20年，在美國大學(xué)任教，住在一般美國人社區(qū)，選舉投票，社區(qū)服務(wù)，社交活動(dòng)皆和本地人無異。雖然走的是美國的超市買回來的食物蔬菜，卻喜歡依照中式烹飪法，吃起來才覺得對(duì)口。她舉了一些例子，比如，明明和鄰居只有咫尺之隔，但是每次去鄰居家，都要事先打電話，她覺得不可思議。 5. Reverse culture shock ? may occur upon returning to the home country if a person has adjusted exceptionally well to the host culture. ? return/reentry culture shock ? returnees ▼ There are usually two elements that characterize reentry: ? An idealized view of home ? The expectation of total familiarity (that nothing at home has changed while you have been away) ▼ A problem arises when reality doesn39。ve made, and you are reluctant to leave. Or, you may make your last few days fly by so fast that you don39。 ? ：通常的做法是先敘述在對(duì)象國發(fā)生的一件反映文化沖突的事件（一般都是真實(shí)發(fā)生的事情，而非杜撰），然后提供幾種不同的解釋，由被訓(xùn)練者選出他認(rèn)為合理的解釋，然后與正確的答案作比較并展開討論。訓(xùn)練者指定受訓(xùn)者一定的角色，由他們分演，并體會(huì)在跨文化交際中的困難和問題。 appreciation of cultural differences ? Understanding of own values and aware of values in other cultures ? Reaction to criticism ? Understanding of government system ? Ability to develop contacts in new culture ? Patience and resilience ? What follows are some suggestions for enhancing the international business experience by reducing clashes with the local culture. ? Be prepared: Be aware that it exists and that it will probably affect you in one way or another. ? Know yourself: Clarifying your own values and examining your own assumptions. Your responses to situations and people in the new culture will make more sense if you have a clear idea of what is important to you personally. ? Be philosophical: Understand that this is a learning process and that you will benefit from it. ? Be positive: Sometime with a change of perspective, frustrating circumstances can be humorous and endearing. Try not to be overly critical. ? Set goals and stay busy: Don39。 Lowcontext Culture Context ? According to Hall, context refers to the stimuli, environment, ambience(周圍環(huán)境 ) surrounding an event. ? Hall arranged lowand highcontext countries on a continuum as follows: German North American French Spanish Greek Chinese GermanSwiss Scandinavian English Italian Mexican Arab Japanese LC cultures HC cultures ? 高 —— 日本人 → 中國人 → 韓國人 → 非裔美國人→ 美國土著人 → 阿拉伯人 → 希臘人 → 拉丁美洲人 → 意大利人 → 英國人 → 法國人 → 美國人 → 斯堪的納維亞人 → 瑞士人 → 德國人 ——低 81 What is HC Hall states: ? “High context transactions feature preprogrammed information that is in the receiver and in the setting, with only minimal information in the transmitted message. ? Low context transactions are the reverse. Most of the information must be in the transmitted message in order to make up for what is missing in the context.” Low context culture ? refers to groups of cultures that value individual orientation and overt munication codes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics. High context culture ? refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covert munication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with high cultural demand characteristics. ? In highcontext cultures most of the information is in the physical context or is internalized in the people who are a part of the interaction. Very little information is actually coded in the verbal message. ? In lowcontext cultures, most of the information is contained in the verbal message, and very little is embedded in the context or within the participants 82 Some Features of HC a