【正文】
]?!?項(xiàng)研究增加了人們對(duì)COPD患者輔助供氧效果的理解[19,22]:第1項(xiàng)研究分析了20例COPD患者在慢性狀態(tài)和急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)時(shí)的情況,并將他們對(duì)輔助供氧的反應(yīng)與正常對(duì)照者進(jìn)行了比較[19]。當(dāng)ARF患者接受5L/min的輔助供氧時(shí),每分鐘通氣量下降14%,這是由呼吸頻率略有下降而潮氣量并無代償性變化所致。對(duì)于呼吸系統(tǒng)機(jī)械功能不良但無發(fā)生呼吸肌疲勞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的ARF患者而言,通氣驅(qū)動(dòng)力的急劇升高不能持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。氧療15分鐘后,PaCO2平均升高23mmHg,主要由于以下3種原因構(gòu)成:●每分鐘通氣量下降─僅約5mmHg(22%)的升高可直接歸因于每分鐘通氣量輕度下降(下降7%)。當(dāng)PaO2每改變1mmHg的動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度(arterial oxygen saturation, SaO2)變化最多時(shí),即氧血紅蛋白解離曲線的陡峭部分(位于PaO22060mmHg之間),Haldane效應(yīng)最為明顯(圖 4)。與Haldane效應(yīng)一樣,HPV喪失的影響在初始PaO2較低的患者中最為明顯。這很可能沒有臨床意義,而且使二氧化碳潴留者與非潴留者間的生理差異變得不太清楚。此后的試驗(yàn)證實(shí),當(dāng)給予較低FiO2的氧氣時(shí),高碳酸血癥的程度更輕微。—停止氧療的影響神經(jīng)肌肉疾病中的高碳酸血癥研究中未測(cè)定呼吸模式、呼吸驅(qū)動(dòng)力和死腔,而且并不清楚導(dǎo)致這些結(jié)果的原因是否與COPD患者中的發(fā)生機(jī)制一樣。因此,輔助供氧治療的主要目標(biāo)應(yīng)該是保持脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)為90%93%,或PaO2為6070mmHg()[21,32,33]。另外,鼻咽部吸入的氣體刺激氣流感受器可降低呼吸驅(qū)動(dòng)力,并且與PaO2變化無關(guān)。保持氧飽和度處于或略高于90%,則當(dāng)氧飽和度小于89%會(huì)觸發(fā)警報(bào)而發(fā)現(xiàn)正加重的通氣不足。無創(chuàng)正壓通氣可能有助于避免需要進(jìn)行氣管內(nèi)插管。(參見上文‘高碳酸血癥的影響’)●正常個(gè)體的動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)高于6070mmHg()就會(huì)出現(xiàn)意識(shí)水平下降,而慢性高碳酸血癥患者直到PaCO2急劇升高至超過90100mmHg,才可能出現(xiàn)癥狀。應(yīng)用鼻導(dǎo)管時(shí),氧流速一般以一次1L/min的幅度增加。為盡量避免插管,不應(yīng)完全移除患者的氧氣(O2)。 129:3.7. Burns BH, Howell JB. Disproportionately severe breathlessness in chronic bronchitis. Q J Med 1969。 310:874.11. Kazemi H. Cerebrospinal fluid and the control of ventilation. In: The Lung: Scientific Foundations, 2nd ed, Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ (Eds), LippincottRaven Publishers, Philadelphia 1997. .12. Gutierrez G. Cellular effects of hypoxemia and ischemia. In: The Lung: Scientific Foundations, 2nd ed, Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ (Eds), LippincottRaven Publishers, Philadelphia 1997. .13. Hornbein TF. Hypoxia and the brain. In: The Lung: Scientific Foundations, 2nd ed, Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ (Eds), LippincottRaven Publishers, Philadelphia 1997. .14. West JB. Causes of carbon dioxide retention in lung disease. N Engl J Med 1971。 71:228.18. Parot S, Miara B, MilicEmili J, Gautier H. Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and breathing pattern in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982。 167:116.21. Rudolf M, Banks RA, Semple SJ. Hypercapnia during oxygen therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure. Hypothesis revisited. Lancet 1977。 155:609.25. Robinson TD, Freiberg DB, Regnis JA, Young IH. The role of hypoventilation and ventilationperfusion redistribution in oxygeninduced hypercapnia during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000。 96:626.29. Bone RC, Pierce AK, Johnson RL Jr. Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a reappraisal. Am J Med 1978。 23:932.33. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2016. (Accessed on March 17, 2016).34. Durrington HJ, Flubacher M, Ramsay CF, et al. Initial oxygen management in patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. QJM 2005。UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved.