【正文】 pe of play with both tragic and ic elements 3. poetry: meter, rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech, structure, theme : tell stories and describe actions ① : a long narrative poem about the deeds of one or more great national heroes, or a nation?s past history。 1 A Short History of American literature Contents: 1. The Colonial and Revolutionary Period (16201820) 2. The Romantic Period (18201865) 3. The Age of Realism (18651890) 4. The Age of Naturalism (18901914) 5. The Period between the Wars (19141945) 6. The Postwar Era (1945 ) Required Reading: A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin 《美國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史》， 常耀信，南開大學(xué)出版社， 2020 年第 2 版 。 《新編美國(guó)文學(xué)史》劉海平，王守仁，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社， 2020 年第 1 版 。 (3) an important form of the Medieval folk literature。s great Enlightenment writers—Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson—also played major roles in the American Revolution. Ⅴ . The 18thcentury Literature: 1. Jonathan Edwards (17031758) The Freedom of the will (1754) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758) 2. Benjamin Franklin (17061790) Autobiography Poor Richard39。s 13 virtues are as follows: Temperance: Eat not to dullness。 perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself。 think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. Moderation: Avoid extremes。s Almanac was published yearly from 1733 to 1758 under the pen name Richard Saunders. It was a guide to both weather forecasts and wise maxims. The almanac was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies, and it sold as many as 10,000 issues a year. There are many interesting and helpful sayings in it. “Lost time is never found again.” “A penny saved is a penny earned.” “God help them that help themselves.” 5 “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” Thomas Paine (17371809) The political pamphlet: The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Many pamphlets were published during the Revolution. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps。s The Sketch Book of Geoffrey 6 Crayon (18191820) 《見聞札記》 and ended with Walt Whitman39。 grew up as the youngest of 11 children。s head is thrown at Ichabod. The next morning, Gunpowder appeared at his master39。 physical appearance (Crane in paragraph 8, Brom Bones in paragraph 26).(2). Constructed from German tales but set in America, it is a classic tale of the conflict between city and country. Such a theme has two interpretations: either the city is seen as beautiful, civilized, rich, clean and safe, and the country is ugly, dirty and dangerous, or else the city is dirty and dangerous, populated by people who tricked the kind, gentle people from the beautiful country. This tale is about the latter one. (3). The story demonstrates the two qualities for which Irving is best known: his humor, and his ability to create vivid descriptions. The Legend has gained a reputation as a ghost story over the years, but Irving shaped it as a ic tale with his humor. 6. The features of Irving’s writings: Page 47 in Chang’s book 7. Irving’s contribution to American literature: Page 45 in Chang’s book James Fenimore Cooper (17891851) 1. His importance: (1) Washington Irving adapted the European legends, culture and history to make the settings American. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new American characters and themes. (2) one of the first authors to write about the American Westward movement。 (3). the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. In the order of publishing date, they are as follows: (1). The Pioneers 1823 《開拓者》 (2). The Last of the Mohicans 1826 《最后的莫希干人》 (3). The Prairie 1827 《大草原》 (4). The Pathfinder 1840 《探路者》 (5). The Deerslayer 1841 《獵鹿人》 In the order of events, they are as follows: (1). The Deerslayer: youth (2). The Last of the Mohicans: middleage maturity in the woods (3). The Pathfinder: middleage。 (2). majestic landscape descriptions。 Essayist His life: born in Massachusetts。 2. “the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”3. It placed emphasis on spirit and thought, and nature was the symbol of . It stressed the importance of the individual. “The American Scholar ” 《美國(guó)學(xué)者》 1. a famous speech given by Emerson at Harvard。 a friend of Emerson?s and also a faithful follower of Emerson。 Ralph Waldo Emerson, the leading New England Transcendentalist, had a sense of optimism about man and his doctrine, “the infinitude of the private man”, meant the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. But Hawthorne and Melville were against New England Transcendentalist optimistic view of man and life. They represented a position of tragic humanism in their time. They were aware of the evil at the core of American life. Nathaniel Hawthorne American Novelist (18041864) His life: born in Salem, Massachusetts。 ever worked in the Custom House。 but Hester?s sympathy and help to her villagers changes it to “Able” and “Angel”. Herman Melville American Novelist amp。 4. Hawthorne?s good friend。 corruption 。 natureIn Moby Dick, Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. （ Page 8485 in Chang?s book） Point of view:小說(shuō)的視角 Point of view, as a monlyused technique of story telling, plays an important part in narration. (視角是小說(shuō)敘述技巧的一種慣 用形式。 2. had only five years of formal schooling, but through private reading he became well educ