【正文】 ip Freneau (17521832) The Rising Glory of America The Wild HoneySuckle (1786) The Indian Burying Ground (1787) Benjamin Franklin (17061790) His life: He was born in 1706 into a poor candlemaker?s family. He was the 15th child . He went to work at age ten and had very little formal education when he was young. But he was very clever and hardworking. He read 4 widely, taught himself languages and practiced writing. He helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In whatever field he happened to appear, he achieved a success. Writer, printer, scientist, statesman, political economist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected figure of his time. He was the first great selfmade man in America. His works: 1. Autobiography 《自傳》 2. Poor Richard39。 the rhetoric is plain and honest, with a direct influence of the Bible. All this has left a great influence on American writing. American Puritanism has been a healthy legacy to the Americans. Ⅲ . The 17thcentury Literature: The early colonial writings 1. In various forms: Diaries, letters, histories, journals, travel books, religious and political writings, etc. 2. In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. 3. In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated. 4. Major authors and their masterworks: (1). John Smith (15801631) General History of Virginia(1624) (2). William Bradford (15901657) Of Plymouth Plantation (1651). (3). John Winthrop (15881649) The History of New England (4). John Cotton: (5). Roger Williams (16031683) (6). Anne Bradstreet (16121672) The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650) (7). Edward Taylor (16441729) the best of the Puritan poets Ⅳ .Two famous movements of the 18th century: 1. The Great Awakening It?s a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies in the middle of the 18th century. The major thinker was Jonathan Edwards. Its main purpose was to make people go back to God and especially arouse their belief in Puritanism with the development of science and society. ( 18 世紀(jì) 40 年代，美國歷史上出現(xiàn)了一次稱為“大覺醒”的宗教運(yùn)動(dòng)，宗旨之一是要在科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步，物質(zhì)生活不斷變化的時(shí)候，重新喚起人們的宗教熱情，特別是對(duì)清教主義的信仰。 also called heroic poem ② : (1) a story told in a song, usu. in 4line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed。 Supplementary Readings: 《美國文學(xué)史及選讀》（上下冊(cè)）吳偉仁，外研社， 1990 年第 2 版 。 《美國文學(xué)選讀》（上下冊(cè)）常耀信，南開大學(xué)出版社， 1991 年第 2 版 。 (2) posed by mon people during a long period of time and handed down from mouth to mouth。 ) 2. The 18thcentury American Enlightenment The 18thcentury American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. America39。s Almanac 《窮理查歷書》 Autobiography Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. It is a record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty into which he was born. It?s also the faithful account of the colorful career of America?s first selfmade man. Through telling a success story of selfreliance, this book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.(America is a land of opportunities where everyone could make a fortune provided he worked hard.) Franklin was 65 when he first wrote this book. It consists of four parts. The most famous section describes his scientific list of selfimprovement. Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues that he felt were an important guide for living and selfimprovement. Franklin39。 let each part of your business have its time Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought。 cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit。s Almanac Poor Richard39。s life, and the wild west. Then came the making of American literature in the Romantic Period. II. Cultural Background The American Romanticism 1. The Romantic Movement, which originated in Germany but quickly spread to England, France, and reached America around the year 1820. 2. The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War (18611865). 3. During this period a national literature developed and took shape with novels, short stories and poems as its principal literary forms. It started with the publication of Washington Irving39。 born into a wealthy New York merchant family。s house, everyone there sat down to dinner. After the lovely feast of Dutch food such as cakes, pies, fruits, and meat, the music began. Everyone 7 danced about. Ichabod Crane danced with Katrina. Brom Bones sat in a corner glaring at the dancing couple. Then everyone sat down to listen to stories. The tales were fascinating! They were stories about ghosts . The favorite tale was about the headless horseman, a ghost who lost his head during the American Revolutionary War and went out of the graveyard at night and searched for his head. After the party, Ichabod Crane heads home through the graveyard. On his way, the headless horseman chases him. He chases him to the bridge, where the horseman39。s descriptions of the two characters39。 (2). loved nature and freedom。 Question: Why did Cooper write about Natty from his old age to his youth? 4. Cooper’s writing style: Page 53 on Chang’s book(1). good at inventing plots。 Judge Temple: (2). Theme: the conflicts between nature and civilization, between freedom and law (3). Plot Summary: Page 51 on Chang’s book Phase 2: The summit of American Romanticism: New England Transcendental