【正文】 us revivals that swept over the American colonies in the middle of the 18th century. The major thinker was Jonathan Edwards. Its main purpose was to make people go back to God and especially arouse their belief in Puritanism with the development of science and society. ( 18 世紀(jì) 40 年代，美國歷史上出現(xiàn)了一次稱為“大覺醒”的宗教運動，宗旨之一是要在科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷進步，物質(zhì)生活不斷變化的時候，重新喚起人們的宗教熱情，特別是對清教主義的信仰。 ) 2. The 18thcentury American Enlightenment The 18thcentury American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. America39。s great Enlightenment writers—Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson—also played major roles in the American Revolution. Ⅴ . The 18thcentury Literature: 1. Jonathan Edwards (17031758) The Freedom of the will (1754) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758) 2. Benjamin Franklin (17061790) Autobiography Poor Richard39。s Almanac 3. Hector St. John de Cr232。vecoeur (17351813) Letters from an American Farmer (1782) 4. Thomas Paine (17371809) Common Sense (1776) American Crisis (17761783) 5. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) The Declaration of Independence 6. Philip Freneau (17521832) The Rising Glory of America The Wild HoneySuckle (1786) The Indian Burying Ground (1787) Benjamin Franklin (17061790) His life: He was born in 1706 into a poor candlemaker?s family. He was the 15th child . He went to work at age ten and had very little formal education when he was young. But he was very clever and hardworking. He read 4 widely, taught himself languages and practiced writing. He helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In whatever field he happened to appear, he achieved a success. Writer, printer, scientist, statesman, political economist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected figure of his time. He was the first great selfmade man in America. His works: 1. Autobiography 《自傳》 2. Poor Richard39。s Almanac 《窮理查歷書》 Autobiography Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. It is a record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty into which he was born. It?s also the faithful account of the colorful career of America?s first selfmade man. Through telling a success story of selfreliance, this book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.(America is a land of opportunities where everyone could make a fortune provided he worked hard.) Franklin was 65 when he first wrote this book. It consists of four parts. The most famous section describes his scientific list of selfimprovement. Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues that he felt were an important guide for living and selfimprovement. Franklin39。s 13 virtues are as follows: Temperance: Eat not to dullness。 drink not to elevation. Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself。 avoid trifling conversation. Order: Let all your things have their places。 let each part of your business have its time Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought。 perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself。 ., waste nothing. Industry: Lose no time。 be always employed in something useful。 cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit。 think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. Moderation: Avoid extremes。 forbear resenting injuries so much as you think hey deserve. Cleanness: Tolerate no uncleanness in body, cloths, or habitation. Tranquility: Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents mon or unavoidable. Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another39。s peace or reputation. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates. Poor Richard39。s Almanac Poor Richard39。s Almanac was published yearly from 1733 to 1758 under the pen name Richard Saunders. It was a guide to both weather forecasts and wise maxims. The almanac was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies, and it sold as many as 10,000 issues a year. There are many interesting and helpful sayings in it. “Lost time is never found again.” “A penny saved is a penny earned.” “God help them that help themselves.” 5 “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” Thomas Paine (17371809) The political pamphlet: The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Many pamphlets were published during the Revolution. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps。 British Loyalists threw them into fires because they are threatened by them. Since Thomas Paine39。s pamphlet Common Sense (1776)《常識》 boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, he became the spokesman of the American Revolution. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people. His chief contribution was a series of 16 pamphlets (17761783) entitled American Crisis. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) Thomas Jefferson was a founding father of the US, the author of the draft of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States of America. We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liber