【正文】 could be countable nouns. The collocation with it could also be materials especially materials and tools occurred at the same time.He wrote a letter with a fountainpen.You must write the position with pen and ink. in way“in” followed by materials and ways.He’s writing a letter in ink.Paint in watercolors.Can you do the experiment in another way? by means ofIt’s mainly used in active voice and following intransitive verbs and the meaning is equal to “through”.By your help, I may succeed.You have to express the thought by action.Choose a wife rather by your ear than your eye.We shall go by car/ train /bus /ship.Compare:The cock was killed with a knife.The cock died by the knife.by car / aeroplane /taxi /bikein my car, in his own aeroplane, in a taxion his bike Prepositions relating to reasonsThese prepositional phrases may include: because of / owing to/ due to/ thanks to.because of : as adverbialowing to: mostly as adverbial and sometimes as plement due to: generally as plement or post modifier thanks to: as adverbial to express “appreciation”, sometimes in sarcastic tone. She cannot go to school because of sickness.Because of her carelessness she failed in the examination.They decided to call off the party, owing to the bad weather.His death was owing to an accident.Her absence is due to illness.The lateness of the ship was due to the storm.Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.Thanks to Tom’s kind help, we finished early.Thanks to the bad weather, our journey was very unfortable. Prepositions’ meaning equal to Chinese “Chu Le”besides: similar to “in addition to”, including the things following itBesides Chinese, he also studies Maths, Physics, and Chemistry.but / except: excluding the things following it I know all the students but six.I looked everywhere except in the bedroom.Compare:I have a few dictionaries besides this one.I have few dictionaries except this one.except for: to quote an adverse reason or details and partially amended the main sentence idea Your position is good except for a few spelling mistakes.In our school most of the teachers were fairly young except for a few older teachers.except that: followed by a clause I knew nothing except that Xiao Li was there.Your position is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.apart from: equal to “besides, except, except for”Apart from them, I had no one to talk to.Apart from sport, my other interest outside class is music.Apart from some spelling mistakes, the position is fairly good.Chapter 3 Skills on Prepositions TranslationFrom the detailed grammatical study in above chapter, we can see that most of English prepositions are polysemy and can be used in several ways grammatically and translated into different Chinese words as well.Except some frequently used prepositional phrases which has fixed meaning, the meaning of a large number of prepositions need to be determined by its basic meaning while giving full attention to its context. In the following sections, the author will discuss some of the frequently used methods for the translation of prepositions from English to Chinese. ConversionEnglish Preposition is often used to express an action, so we can convert English preposition into Chinese verb in translation. A: When preposition phrases are acted as predicative in a sentence, the preposition normally could be converted to verb and the link verb could be omitted.Eg: This machine is out of repair. 這臺機器失修了。C: When preposition phrases are used to express purpose or reason, the preposition sometimes could be converted to verb.Eg: The p lane crushed out of control.這架飛機失去控制而墜毀。As a scientist, he was dedicated to the truth. (subjective plement)作為一個科學(xué)家,他獻(xiàn)身于追求真理。“Coming ! ”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“來啊! ”她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著跑了,越過草地,跑上小徑,跨上臺階,穿過涼臺,進(jìn)了門廊。You may apply in person or by letter.你可以親自去也可以寄信申請。From agreement on this great goal, we have unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.遺憾的是過去我們在這個總目標(biāo)上意見是一致的,但在各個目標(biāo)上意見存在差異,因而也就沒有采取任何行為。C: Deconstructing prepositional phrases into Real or Subjective Conditional ClausesEg:Man’s warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmed.人的血液是熱的,如果得不到一定的熱量,人就難以長期在海水中生活。In face of an imminent catastrophe, the Board now ordered a drastic change in the loan policy.眼看實難即將到來,董事會于是就下令對貨款方針進(jìn)行大幅度調(diào)整。 OmissionOmission is to omit the translation of the preposition while not hurting the exact meaning of the original text and ensuring the brevity and conformity to Chinese language. In no case, it should be random omission of certain prepositions.A. For prepositions which are indicating time and place would be omitted if occurred at the beginning of the Chinese sentence after translation.Eg: Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共場所不準(zhǔn)吸煙。This has lifted a load from my mind.這使我心里輕松了許多。C. Prepositions related to certain aspects, range or contents of subject could sometimes be omitted, and it could be translated into the subject in the Chinese sentence.Eg: Something has gone wrong with the engine.這臺發(fā)動機出了毛病。This problem is above me.這個問題我解決不了。Copper is the best conductor but silver.銅是僅次于銀的最優(yōu)導(dǎo)體。The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.島民們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有做好作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。Chapter 4 ConclusionBased on the analysis on the grammatical features of prepositions, we can see that we may have no way to translate a preposition from English to Chinese without a specific context. We must determine the meaning of prepositions in accordance with its context and collocated words. There is no definite rule for the application of the strategies discussed in chapter three. Different strategy should be adopted in accordance with specifi