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If the incidence wavelength is fixed, k : coefficient。 3 LambertBeer rule T( Transmittance) t0= IT IA = lg(I0/It) = lg(1/T) = —lgT = Kbc A (Absorbance) = 1 0 = 1 0K b c ATI0 It 入射光 透過光 Relationship between A,T andc A T (%) c A=kbc k b cT = 1 0100 80 60 40 20 A = abc b 2b 光源 檢測器 顯示器 參 比 A = abc c 2c 光源 檢測器 顯示器 參 比 例 1 已知含 Fe3+濃度為 500?g 解: 先計(jì)算該溶液的吸光度 4 5 5 ??? TA已知 b=2cm,?= ?104, 由 A= ?bc, 可知顯色溶液 內(nèi)吸光物質(zhì)的濃度為 )( 154 ?????? Lm o lc吸光物質(zhì)溶解定容至 500ml,從中吸取 。圖 (c)隨著 顯色劑濃度的增大,吸光度 不斷增大,最好更換顯色劑。 通常酸度范圍是由實(shí)驗(yàn)來確定的。曲 線平坦部分所對應(yīng)的時(shí)間就是最適宜顯色時(shí)間。 (2)如果顯色劑或其他試劑略有吸收,此時(shí)以空白溶液作參比溶液 (即試劑參比液 )。 167。 ethane (135nm) ? For the substituted derivatives, such as halohydrocarbon, ? transition will be occurred and the corresponding wavelength will be redshift. ? Thus, hydrocarbon and halohydrocarbon are the perfect solvents in UV (2) The simplest unsaturated pounds π→π * trasnsition vacuum ultraviolet region. Ethylene: 165nm If auxochromes is introduced into the double band of alkene, what will be happened and why? 取代基 SR NR 2 OR Cl CH 3 紅移距離 45(n m) 40(n m) 30(n m) 5(nm ) 5(nm ) ( 3) conjugated dienes 在 不飽和烴類分子中,當(dāng)有兩個(gè)以上的雙鍵 共軛 時(shí),隨著共軛系統(tǒng)的 延長 , p?p*躍遷的吸收帶 將 明顯 向 長波方向 移動(dòng) ,吸收強(qiáng)度也隨之 增強(qiáng) 。 C=O基團(tuán)主要可產(chǎn)生 p?p*、 n?s* 、 n?p*三個(gè)吸收帶 , n?p*吸收帶又稱 ? ( εmax100) 醛 、 酮 、 羧酸及羧酸的衍生物 , 如酯 、 酰胺等 , 都含有 羰基 。 If the nonbonding electrons is conjugated by the πelectron system, whatever it is electron withdrawing groups and electron donating substituents, the red shift of E2 and B will occur. If it is auxochrome, the effect is related with the electron withdrawing ability. 推電子能力越強(qiáng) , 影響越大 。 COOH NO2N O 2C O O HNO2COOHNO 2COOH 230nm 260nm 258nm 255nm 255nm iii) multi substituted benzenes Scott總結(jié)了芳環(huán)羰基化合物的一些規(guī)律,提出了羰基取代芳環(huán) 250nm帶的計(jì)算方法 。 ( 2) π→π* trasnsition: red shift with the increase in the solvent polarity 因?yàn)樵诙鄶?shù) π→π*躍遷中 , 激發(fā)態(tài)的極性要強(qiáng)于基態(tài) , 極性大的 π*軌道與溶劑作用強(qiáng) , 能量下降較大 , 而 π軌道極性小 ,與極性溶劑作用較弱 , 故能量降低較小 , 致使 π及 π*間能量差值變小 ( 如下圖右 ) 。 7 Application of UVvis spectrophotometry (1) Structure information A) No any absorption spectrum in the region of 220 ~ 800nm implies existence of acyclic(脂肪族 ) pound, amine(胺 ), nitrile腈 , alcohol, carboxyl acid, fluo, chlorohydrocarbon, without any cyclic conjugated system, and such groups as aldehyde, ketone, bromide, iodine, ect. B) Strong absorption peak in the region of 210 ~ 250nm suggests possibly conjugated unit of 2 double bonds. C) Strong absorption band in the region of 250 ~ 350nm suggests conjugated unit of 3 to 5 of double linkages. D) Only some weak peaks appear 270 ~ 350nm. It maybe means that the pound contains only chromophore( 發(fā) 色 團(tuán) ) with nonconjugated unshared n electrons. E) Middle strong bands acpanied with fine structure in the region of 250 ~ 300nm imply existence of phenyl group. (2) Degree of unsaturation of molecule 定義 :不飽和度是指分子結(jié)構(gòu)中達(dá)到飽和所缺一價(jià)元素的 “ 對 ” 數(shù)。 例: C9H8O2 ? =( 2+2?9 –8) /2 = 6 ( 3) Example C10H16 IR proved the exisitance of double bond、 sixmembered ring and propyl, and ? max=231 nm(ε9000) in UVvis, and only a molecular of H2 can be added in the addition reaction. How about the structure? A: ① 不飽和度 ? = 3; 兩個(gè)雙鍵;共軛 ? 加一分子氫 ② ?max=231 nm, ③ 可能的結(jié)構(gòu) ④ ? max A BC D? max: 232 273 268 268 ? max =異環(huán)二烯 +2 環(huán)殘基 +環(huán)外雙鍵 =217+2 5+5=232( 231) Purity examination If there is no UVvis adsorption for anic pounds, but the impurity has some adsorption, the purity can be examined by UVvis. eg.: methanol, ethanol, benzene? Identification of isomer Ethylacetoacetate ketoneenol tautomerization C H 3 C CCOO C 2 H 5HHOH 3 C CO HCOC H O C H 3 Intensity of hydrogen bond 溶劑分子與溶質(zhì)分子締合生成氫鍵時(shí) ,對溶質(zhì)分子的 UV光譜有較大的影響 。這本質(zhì)上與單組分測定沒有區(qū)別。L1) cNi= 105(mol ΔA = Aλ2 - Aλ1 = (ελ2 - ελ1)b c 兩波長處測得的吸光度差值 ΔA與待測組分濃度成正比