【正文】 實際困難的困擾。 美國 對于美國，所有數(shù)據(jù)都可以 從美國母公司和子公司（不包括銀行）國外銷售額得到。按行業(yè)劃分顯示，金融服務是最大的子類別。但這些努力的結(jié)果尚未利用。 比利時在國外投資的數(shù)據(jù)作為一個整體服務部 門是不存在的。這些服務被納入到工業(yè)出口里，雖然它們也是國際上進行交易，他們沒有被登記在國際收支余額里，這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因是服務在國際貿(mào)易中所占份額估價過低。如下試圖在這范圍內(nèi)指出比利時和盧森堡的估價過低碰到的兩方面的問題。比較盧森堡經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟（艾迪布爾）國際收支跨國服務出口的數(shù)字。如果艾迪布爾出口貨物包括與比利時出口貨物投入同樣的服務比例。 （一）估算比利時服務出口的比例 比利時服務出口的比例是基于代理上的估算。 ： 比利時貨物生產(chǎn)服務的投入總和，按比利時成品生產(chǎn)數(shù)量的比例。 （ 1）成品的生產(chǎn)總量是作代替貨物的出口。 （ 2）貨物生產(chǎn)服務投入的總和作為近似服務的總和是構(gòu)成貨物生產(chǎn)的一部分。②中間產(chǎn)品投入到生產(chǎn)商品也包括服務的投入。 （ 1）比利時 1975年成品生產(chǎn)投入產(chǎn)出基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)金額為： 1， 690億美元比利時法郎 這個數(shù)字估計比利時服務所占份額是 209/1， 690=% 209億美元比利時法郎是貨物生產(chǎn)投入產(chǎn)出表中比利時服務投入的價值。這一估計是基于 1975 年投入產(chǎn)出數(shù)字的推斷，基于 1975到 1984 年比利時附加值的增長。 1975年至 1984年間商品生產(chǎn)附加值增長 63%（ 1975年為 958億美元比利時法郎； 1984年為 1， 557億美元比利時法郎） 11。 1984年艾迪布爾國際收支統(tǒng)計服務出口數(shù)字為 郎。 最后，所有推測如下，包括任何可能的誤差趨勢（過低評估或過高評估）（見圖 1）。 。 五、結(jié)論 本文試圖描述國際服務貿(mào)易可以采取的各種形式，這些是： ，如國際收支統(tǒng)計記錄 關(guān)于跨境服務的國際比較，結(jié)果是有限的，因為界別分組有些籠統(tǒng)，因此，歐洲正著手改善這種情況。 除了傳統(tǒng)的服務 “運輸” 和 “旅游”。在某一給定的時間這些數(shù)字是短暫的。這一數(shù)字的大小順序說明了這一現(xiàn)象的嚴重程度。例如嚴重阻礙了比較優(yōu)勢與國際服務貿(mào)易的研究，關(guān)于這領(lǐng)域理論發(fā)展的研究的例子包括迪爾多夫 [1984 年 ]、迪克 [1978 年 ]、理查森[1987年 ]、薩皮爾和魯茨 [1980年 ， 1981年 ]。這樣做，是探知 1984年與 1985年數(shù)字趨勢有什么不同。 ：關(guān)于賣方在國外購買商品并把同樣的商品轉(zhuǎn)售給國外買方 ，不考慮通過比利時、盧森堡經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟的貨物運輸問題。 。 參考文獻 [1]阿斯徹 ， 惠查德 .提高服務貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù) .在 嘉瑞里妮 折尾 的（ 編 輯） ， 新興服務經(jīng)濟，日內(nèi)瓦出版社 ， 1987. [2]比利時無形收入委員會 .瀚德國外平衡品質(zhì)付款分會報告 .工作文件，布魯塞爾：比利時國家銀行 ， . [3]英國無形出口委員會 .世界經(jīng)濟 中的 無形貿(mào)易 ：英 國 無形出口 委員 會 ，1987. [4]無形出口委員會 .世界無形貿(mào)易 .倫敦：無形出口委員會 ， 1972. [5]迪爾多夫，伏特 .羅伯特INVESTMENTS。TERMS of trade。invisible39。international services39。international trade in services39。intemational merchantability39。s services sector agree that it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to achieve a consensus as to the meaning and the limits of the term 39。, thanks to developments in data munication, and which are therefore merchantable. 2. Even where personal contact still plays a central role, services are still merchantable in two cases: ? the producer moves, temporarily or permanently, to the consumer39。 Temporary relocation of producers takes place for transactions of individual producers abroad, for which temporary presence is necessary (building contractors, consultants, lawyers). Permanent relocation of producers takes place in cases of direct investment abroad. The consumer moves temporarily for tourism, foreign education,business travel, and medical attention abroad, and permanently when setting up a business abroad and buying services in the country in question. We will now take a closer look at the phenomenon of direct investmentabroad, and at the impact of developments in the field of data munication. Trade in services as opposed to transactions through international investment 3 The literature on services includes two main approaches to the definition and content of the concept of 39。, and the other on the concept of 39。 concept, which serves as the basis for balance of payments statistics, trade is not international unless the two parties performing the transaction are based in different and their subsidiaries are considered to be resident in the country in which they carry on their business, irrespective of their ownership structure. According to the 39。 concept is the more relevant to the definition of Gross National Product (GNP), which includes all the economic activity carried on in a country, irrespective of the nationality of producers and consumers. However, the aim of the GNP figures is to reflect the intensity of economic activity in a given country. The national background of the players is of no importance. But the aim of international trade statistics is to track down and describe the final destination of the flow of cash around the world. It is the 39。 concept, although this involves a considerable underestimation of the concept of 39。s citizens. The lack of clarity and precision in the pilation and analysis of intemational services data also results in the confusion found in the literature between invisible transactions and international services activity, despite the fact that the two concepts are fundamentally different. Invisible international transactions can be divided roughly into four categories, which can be found as such in most balance of payments statistics [Sapir, 1982]: ? private trade in services。ownership39。 ? services incorporated into exported goods. However, the lack of relevant data generally constrains us to an approach that is limited to the trade in services, as dealt with in the next section. Section III looks at sales via foreign investment, and section IV estimates the extent of services incorporated into exported goods. II. CROSS BORDER TRADE IN SERVICES 5 In this section, some light is cast on the significance of crossborder intemational services on the basis of figures taken from the balance of payments statistics. The approach is based on both intemational data and data specific to Belgium and Luxembourg, with a closer look at subsectors. First of all, however, let us examine the nature of the available statistical material. Available statistical material Intemationally parable data on crossborder intemational services transactions are available for the following categories of services: ?fieight。 ?private services. This means that the services that have shown the most mobility in recent terms, such as financial services and information technology services, are lumped together in a residual The EEC39。s main divisions. However, for reasons of parability in time, the new proposal will not take the place of the existing classification. At best, it will be on an equal footing. The EEC prototype balance sheet was used as a base by the limited working party on 6 39。 submittee of the 39。s headings. The purpose of the exercise was to find out the practical difficulties the application of the model would be likely to give rise to. The working party found that there was only one BLIW heading (representationa