【正文】
innovations and expansion of ―logistics‖ (work) services yields productivity gains that intern should affect the economywide growth performance by enhancing the efficiency of production in all sectors. The associated cost reductions can have the effect of upgrading overall productivity, and are likely to be enhanced by, if not conditional on, increased FDI in services. 4. Concluding ments Controlling for a number of standard explanatory variables used in the growth literature (investment, crises, inaction), we ?nd a statistically signi?cant positive association between per capita GDP growth and measures of service sector policy reforms. Twostage estimates hint at a ―virtuous circle‖ in which growth and political reform foster the efficiency 5 of reform, which in turn stimulates growth. Although the sample of countries was limited to transition economies annual policy reform indicators of the type piled by the EBRD do not exist for developing countries the ?ndings indicate that services policies should be considered more generally in empirical analyses of economic growth. Services such as ?nance, telemunications, and transport are major inputs into the production of goods and services—including agriculture as well as manufacturing. The costs of these inputs can account for a major share of the total cost of production, and are thus important factors affecting the petitiveness of ?rms. Services are also important determinants of the productivity of workers in all sectors—education, training, and health services are key ―inputs‖ into the formation and maintenance of human capital. Thus, service sector reforms potentially can do much to enhance economic growth and efficiency. 6 譯 文: 服務(wù)政策改革和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長 Felix Eschenbach and Bernard Hoekman 摘 要 如今,服務(wù)業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)份額在國民生產(chǎn)總值 GDP 中所占的比例越來越大,而在現(xiàn)實(shí)就業(yè)和國際交易中也起著越來越重要的作用。在常用的歷史文獻(xiàn)中,我們經(jīng)常使用回歸分析法,而把服務(wù)政策作為經(jīng)濟(jì)體的解釋變量是從 1990 年開始的。 鮑默爾和??怂?(Baumol 1967。不過,貿(mào)易生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化也是決定服務(wù)行業(yè)是否成功的關(guān)鍵因素。 7 像馬克思主義思想它主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是有形(物質(zhì))的重要性,它是作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的決定因素提出來的。生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)對于交通運(yùn)輸是有一定要求的,其中一些非經(jīng)合組織國家相對于經(jīng)合組織國家來說在金融業(yè)上會出現(xiàn)諸如電信服務(wù)質(zhì)量下降的情況。而在這些表現(xiàn)中,轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間存在著很大的差異。然后,我們從普遍使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文獻(xiàn)中通過對解釋變量的控制,了解連續(xù)增長的改革政策對服務(wù)業(yè)的影響程度。在服務(wù)業(yè)中, 自 1990年以后,世界上對第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的需求已經(jīng)越來越大,服務(wù)業(yè)增長的趨勢也及其迅速,所以在這種增長的趨勢下對服務(wù)業(yè)來說是需要尋求一種很好的發(fā)展模式。這些國家中國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的 68%幾乎都來自服務(wù)業(yè),雖然這些國家 就業(yè)率比較低。中歐和東歐還有波羅的海的國家在服務(wù)業(yè)上雖然整體已經(jīng)有了顯著地提高,不過從歷史數(shù)據(jù)來看,每個員工在服務(wù)輸出上比起其他一些國家卻有所下降。 非洲經(jīng)委會提供的 2020 年的投入產(chǎn)出表顯示,在經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)差異的情況下,中介性服務(wù)已經(jīng)被世界所需求,這些都加大了對服務(wù)出口的力度。各國政府的政策立場作為內(nèi)生變量的一種,影響著服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,對服務(wù)業(yè)有著舉足輕重的地位。 本文的另一目的是對于改革的國家來說在其產(chǎn)出增長上對服務(wù)業(yè)是否具有有效的積極性。不過,可以肯定的是 積極地動員儲蓄在投資上的作用,將會更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤的最大化。 結(jié) 在文獻(xiàn)中能夠使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的解釋變量 (投資,危機(jī),通 貨 膨脹 )之后,我們能夠看到在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長中,人均 GDP 的增長率和服務(wù)部門的政策改革呈正相關(guān)性。而這些投入的成本占 到了生產(chǎn)總成本的主要份額,并且也成為了企業(yè)競爭力影響的重要