物流管理專業(yè)外語知識-全文預覽
【正文】 at must be put forth to satisfy needs and wants. A third measure is the level of fort and ease with which basic needs and wants are fulfilled. Many things have contributed to these improvements in our lives, such as advanced technology, improvement in managements and labor qualities. ? 一般地（通常），生活水平和生活方式反映了個體和社會能滿足其需要和愿望的方面。一個地區(qū)可能具有更有利的氣候條件，各種不同自然資源，更能干的人力資源等等。有兩種方法可以解決這個問題：一種方法是減少該產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量，但喪失了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟；另一種方法是；如果想獲得規(guī)模經(jīng)濟的話，把多余產(chǎn)品運送到對該產(chǎn)品有需求的其他地方。但是當達到一定程度（水平）時，單位（產(chǎn)品）成本會停止下降并且開始上升，因為生產(chǎn)的擴大超過了大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟的水平。其結(jié)果就是單位（產(chǎn)品）成本下降。（而）區(qū)域?qū)I(yè)化則是指在特定的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)特殊的產(chǎn)品。結(jié)果就是生產(chǎn)某一特定產(chǎn)品是需較（以前）少的花費（付出）。例如，如果一個人特別熟練耕作，那么社會應當讓他去從事耕作。s ability of survival, even under very primitive conditions. It is also worthwhile to point out that people in our modern society seek much more than mere survival. They strive for a better standard of living and lifestyle with less time and efforts. Specialization is one means to achieve the goal. ? 必須指出，隨著其效率的增加，交通運輸對于人的生存能力，甚至在非常原始條件下的生存能力，有著直接的、積極的影響。美洲印第安人通過白令海峽和阿拉斯加從亞洲移居到北美就是一個例子。一是人類為了生存需要多種產(chǎn)品；二是自然界不可能在一個地方提供所有的需要。 ? To survive, a person must consume products. Products need to be obtained from the nature or need to be processed. Given the person must perform some of these activities to survive, he/she needs transportation to acplish his/her activities. In reality, nature imposes two conditions that force the use of some kind of transportation. First, a person needs more than one product to survive. Second, nature does not supply all of the needs at the same location. Thus, to perform all of the activities required for consumption, transportation bees necessary. ? 人類為了生存必須消費產(chǎn)品。產(chǎn)品必須從生產(chǎn)它們的地點移動到消費它們的地點。遠方的資源可以通過交通運輸來獲得。它使得工作的專業(yè)化顯得十分必要，以期獲得（高得）效率和生產(chǎn)力。但是，交通運輸?shù)母鞣N定義中的一個共同要素是移動（位移），即貨物或乘客的物理位置的改變。交通運輸影響了我們的經(jīng)濟、社會和政治的發(fā)展。事實上，自然界（強加）通過兩個因素（兩種情形）來促使（推動）某種形式交通運輸?shù)氖褂?。人們?yōu)榱藢で笫澄锖瓦m宜的氣候而（四處）遷徙。 ? It is necessary to point out that as transportation efficiency increases, it has a direct and positive effect on the individual39。 ? Specialization is defined as allowing human or physical resources to perform the tasks for which they are best suited. For example, if a person is particularly adept at farming, then the society should allow him to farm. If a certain geographic region is suitable for growing wheat, then the society should grow it in that area. Specification can bring many benefits. The overall efficiency of society is improved because fewer resources are employed to produce the desired output. The result is that less effort is expended to produce a particular product. Thus, specialization is a desired goal for society because it increases efficiency and directly improves our standard of living. ? 專業(yè)化定義為使人們或物質(zhì)資源去完成其最適合的作業(yè)（任務）。因為達到輸出量的希望值只需用到較少的資源，從而整個社會總的效率得以提高。當同一類型的商品在同一地點同一時間大量生產(chǎn)時就產(chǎn)生規(guī)模經(jīng)濟。 ? Economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟 ? Economies of scale are gained when many units are produced at a single location. The result is a lower cost per unit. There are many reasons for the economies of scale are possible. Fixed costs can be spread over more units, specialized equipment can be used, and tasks can be made routine. The
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