【正文】 er相當(dāng)于anyone who，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)。 (1)如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，用that, which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything, nothing, little, all, everything時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that；(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next，last, only, very修飾時(shí)，用that；(4)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能用which引導(dǎo)；(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。如： + which的用法如果從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，而狀語(yǔ)通常用介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給的選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.Come what may, I’ll be on your side. as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是名詞短語(yǔ)且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。如：So involved with their puters do the children bee that leaders at summer puter camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. ，句子的主謂要全部倒裝(1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：Buying clothes is often a timeconsuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.To understand the situation pletely requires more thought than has been given thus far. (together/along)with, such as, as well as, acpanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。the one 指代確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。 (1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market. 比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用來(lái)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。 ，考生應(yīng)把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí) 形容詞在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。 I should have planned everything ahead carefully.(3)ought to have+過(guò)去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。 otherwise she would have replied before now.(3)may/might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：The mad man was put in the softpadded cell lest he injure himself.(5)whether…or…有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：(1)連詞but, but that, or, or else；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉： (1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，that賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：desire, advise, remend, mand, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：It is unusual for there to be no late ers today.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ)，用there being。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking. 五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn) ，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember to do記得(要做某事)forget doing忘記(已做的事) remember doing記得(已做過(guò)的事)go on to do繼而(做另一件事) stop to do停下來(lái)去做另一件事go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來(lái)的事) stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對(duì)已做過(guò)的事)后悔 ：cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, pletely lost to the outside world.(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a puter system increase with each program that turns out. (相當(dāng)于…each new phone which is added to…)The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature. (相當(dāng)于…description which was based on…)(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grownup, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, muchtravelled, newly arrived, recently e。在概念上應(yīng)清楚：● 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。如：(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語(yǔ)。如：ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”curiosity to do “對(duì)……的好奇心”→be curious to do“對(duì)……好奇”ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation. (4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)，這些名詞包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort等。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth. 掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如： The pany has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we e back next year.(3)by now、since +過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。專四必備語(yǔ)法一、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：： (1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況) (2)by +將來(lái)時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。 。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English