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中的that of。 (1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。 (1)not so much…as…與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.(2)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.(3)no /not any less…than…兩者一樣都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.(4)just as…so….正如……,……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere. 九、平行結(jié)構(gòu) 。如:Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market. 比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí),比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用:any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用來(lái)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),切不可遺漏,否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如:The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.(3)比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather,還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等,他們的位置是:修飾語(yǔ)+as…as…, 或修飾語(yǔ)+more…than…。 ,考生應(yīng)把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn),即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)某些以副詞詞綴 “l(fā)y” 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞,如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí) 形容詞在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)。如:You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to為used to (do)的否定式。如:Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好,怎么也不過(guò)分”。如:What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.(5)may/might have + 過(guò)去分詞,表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)……”。 I should have planned everything ahead carefully.(3)ought to have+過(guò)去分詞,表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了,但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該……”,與should的完成式含義類似。如:As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.(2)should /should not have +過(guò)去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了, 譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。 otherwise she would have replied before now.(3)may/might have +過(guò)去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè),或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生,譯為“也許……”。如:My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”(2)can’t/couldn’t have +過(guò)去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定沒(méi)……”。如:The mad man was put in the softpadded cell lest he injure himself.(5)whether…or…有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用be的原形,引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句,這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(3)If only…謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如:I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.(2)介詞短語(yǔ)暗含假設(shè)條件,常用的有:without, but for, under more favorable conditions等??忌鷳?yīng)熟悉:(1)連詞but, but that, or, or else;副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如:The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3)下列名詞接同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式:insistence, preference, remendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding??忌鷳?yīng)熟悉: (1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí),that賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式:desire, advise, remend, mand, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如:Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our pany would not be so thriving as it is.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)(3)識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句:Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況,而“父母病了”是事實(shí)) I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分為假設(shè),后半部分是事實(shí)) 名詞性從句是指賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。如:It is unusual for there to be no late ers today.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ),用there being。如:The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ))(2)做目的狀語(yǔ)或程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用for there to be,做其他狀語(yǔ)用there being。如:All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking. 五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn) ,但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember to do記得(要做某事)forget doing忘記(已做的事) remember doing記得(已做過(guò)的事)go on to do繼而(做另一件事) stop to do停下來(lái)去做另一件事go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來(lái)的事) stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對(duì)已做過(guò)的事)后悔 :cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如:The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task. 分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ),否則分詞短語(yǔ)要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, pletely lost to the outside world.(4)表示結(jié)果,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Having pleted one task, we started on another one. (plete先于start之前發(fā)生) (2)表示原因,置于句首句尾均可,根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式,有時(shí)用一般式。如:Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a puter system increase with each program that turns out. (相當(dāng)于…each new phone