【正文】 , whereas 引導(dǎo)對比從句如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes mitted by juveniles have sharply increased.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant. …that…, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句, 如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it. order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬語氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted. , 翻譯為“在……地方”如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the pany to try and to succeed.邊緣介詞 指的是那些在語法功能上與介詞相似的詞。如:The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm. (1)in that引導(dǎo)原因從句時,有時翻譯成“是因為”、“就在于”。如:New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.(2)when引導(dǎo)時間從句時，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時突然”。如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (1)as 引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強調(diào)的部分置于句首。 (1)if與unless的用法。 , expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的賓語從句如為否定式，一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上。如：They always give the vacant seats to whoever es first. (whoever在從句中做主語)(1)引導(dǎo)詞通常為that, 但有時因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why, when, where, how引導(dǎo)。 ，用于否定句，相當(dāng)于who…not, that…not這個結(jié)構(gòu)的特點是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. 與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別 (1)as與the same, such, so, as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.(2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如：The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. 、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。如：A good writer is one who can express the monplace in an unmon way. 十一、主謂一致問題 ，所以距離較遠，考生易誤認主語。如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.(2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如不能說：John runs faster than 。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：(1)以 “a” 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：The porter ought to have called the firebrigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(4)could have+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. (1)needn’t have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實沒必要……”。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. 七、情態(tài)動詞注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義： (1)must have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t. (1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：would rather would as soon as though suppose… had rather would sooner as if supposing…If only… It is (high) time that…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.(2)If it were not for… (與現(xiàn)在事實相反) If it had not been for… (與過去事實相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened。如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, pulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, manded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, remended, requested, required, suggested。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought. 六、虛擬語氣 (1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配: 主句 從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反 would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+do were (不分人稱)/did與過去事實相反 would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+have done had done與將來事實相反 would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+do should do / were to do如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況來調(diào)整。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. ：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.It’s no good/use/piic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/s