【正文】 can be solved by a puter. 十四、復(fù)合句——名詞性從句一個(gè)句子起名詞的作用，在句中做主語、賓語／介詞賓語、表語、同位語，那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。 考生應(yīng)把握：what是關(guān)系代詞，它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如：They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.(what既引導(dǎo)主語從句又在從句中做主語)Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen.(what既引導(dǎo)表語從句又在從句中做表語) whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyone who，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語還是做賓語。如：They always give the vacant seats to whoever es first. (whoever在從句中做主語)(1)引導(dǎo)詞通常為that, 但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why, when, where, how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義，其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如：The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.(2)同位語從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開，注意識(shí)別。如：Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. (1)主語從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(2)whether一般多用于賓語從句的肯定式，而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式；(3)whether or not可以連在一起用，而if or not則不能，or not只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句，if則不能；(5)賓語從句提至謂語前面時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位語從句也用whether引導(dǎo)；(7)后接不定式時(shí)，只能用whether。 , expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的賓語從句如為否定式，一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上。 十五、復(fù)合句——副詞性(狀語)從句副詞在句中起狀語作用，故如果起狀語作用的部分為一個(gè)句子，那么該句便是副詞性從句，也稱狀語從句。狀語從句可細(xì)分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、比較、方式等。狀語從句的測(cè)試重點(diǎn)為：考查考生對(duì)主從句之間邏輯意義關(guān)系的把握，看其是否能選擇正確的從屬連詞。 (1)if與unless的用法。if和unless都是引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞，考生應(yīng)尤其注意unless的用法，因?yàn)樗硎痉疵鏃l件，相當(dāng)于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.(2)復(fù)合連詞as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；動(dòng)詞及分詞provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果……)You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. (如果……)Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如……)Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)(3)祈使句表示條件。如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (1)as 引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.(3)復(fù)合連接詞for all that和分詞granting/granted(that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.For all that puters can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills. (1)before表示漢語的 “只有/必須……才能”。如:New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.(2)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然”。如：I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.(3)when it es to 是習(xí)慣用法，意為“當(dāng)談到……時(shí)”。如：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it es to classroom tests.(4)名詞短語、介詞短語each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起連詞作用。如:I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we e back next year.My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it pletes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to plete one.(5)副詞directly, immediately, instantly, now引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句, 相當(dāng)于as soon as。如:The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm. (1)in that引導(dǎo)原因從句時(shí),有時(shí)翻譯成“是因?yàn)椤薄ⅰ熬驮谟凇?。?Advertising is distinguished from other forms of munication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.Criticism and selfcriticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.(2)now that表示 “既然” 。 seeing that, considering表示“鑒于”、“考慮到”。如:Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.其他引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連接詞語還有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。 , whereas 引導(dǎo)對(duì)比從句如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes mitted by juveniles have sharply increased.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant. …that…, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句, 如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it. order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬語氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted. , 翻譯為“在……地方”如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the pany to try and to succeed.邊緣介詞 指的是那些在語法功能上與介詞相似的詞。一、形似現(xiàn)在分詞的邊緣介詞 英語中，絕大多數(shù)類似動(dòng)詞的邊緣介詞都為現(xiàn)在分詞形式，其中最常見的有以下一些：1. barring（不包括，如果沒有）Barring special circumstances, the plane will arrive on schedule. 如無特殊情況，飛機(jī)將準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。2. concerning (關(guān)于，就… …來說)We had serveral discussions concerning the matmer. 3. considering (鑒于，就… … 而論)Considering his age, he writes quite