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【正文】 sses are funded, and on the other hand, the research and development timetable required to create new drugs. Basically, opportunities for learning through trial and error and through sharing of knowledge between scientists representing a plethora of disciplines are frustrated when individual panies closely safeguard intellectual prouerty rights. Venture capitalists have a time horizon of about three years for a particular investment, which is much less than the average time most panies take to get a new drug on the market. Meanwhile, the period taken to confirm the safety and effectiveness of a newly developed drug is lengthy, involving a process of trial and error, which does not sit easily with much mercial or political planning.12?！眎s their independenc and their freedom to work for public good that must be restored and maintained (Hon amp。s struggle with her employer and with a drug pany since 1996 is well documented. She had been undertaking research at the university hospital involving a drug for treating the blood disease thalassaemia. Olivieri maintained that when evidence emerged that the drug had a high level of toxicity, the pany that produced the drug and funded the research went to great lengths to stop her publicising her concerns. Olivieri argued that the suppression of medical research findings was contrary to the principles of the Hippocratic Oath according to which doctors swear to practise medicine ethically.A key conference delegate was the late John Zimana noted physicist who was also interested in the social aspects of scLencewho categorised research as either instrumental or noninstrumental. Intrumental or applied research is intended to be immediately useful, often in terms of economic or financial gain。s viewpoint is expressed in this paragraph. Look at the list of reporting language above and identify whether each one is direct or indirect reporting. Tick(√)the appropriate column in the table below.Key reading skills: Identifying reporting Language Being able to identify reporting language will help you read more effectively and will help you write academic texts such as essays, reports and dissertations.Study tip: Verbs such as highlight, assert and put forward are used in academic texts to report ideas and opinions. Learning such reporting language will help your academic writing. Read through the remainder of the text and highlight more examples of reporting language. You may be able to find up to 20 different examples in the plete text. Discuss these examples and decide which of them you might be able to use in your academic writing. Look back at the opinions of academics in Task 11. Using different reporting verbs, practise reporting what various experts said about scientific research. Try to avoid using the same verb as the one used in the original text.Example: V}leatherall emphasised that research institutions clearly needed outside funding, but at the same time, they needed to guard against exploitation by business interests.Study tip: There is no better way of developing your use of reporting language than putting it into practice.Task 13 Understanding and using modifying languageAdjectives and adverbs are used to modify or say more about other words in texts. They serve an important role in informing the reader about the writer39。s viewpoint.1. Scientific research needs to be carried out in a more businesslike way.2. The public is not gaining adequate benefit from research aimed at developing new drugs.3. There is a serious conflict between investors39。s purpose and recognise new knowledge. Think about the title: Is business bad for science?
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