【正文】 。要是會(huì)一種語言呢？ ” 答：“呃。 Economic Implications of Islam In Islam, people do not own property, but only act as stewards for God and thus must take care of that which they have been entrusted with. While Islam is supportive of business, the way business is practiced is prescribed. SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Religious and ethical systems Hinduism Hinduism, practiced primarily on the Indian subcontinent, focuses on the importance of achieving spiritual growth and development, which may require material and physical selfdenial（自我否定） Economic Implications of Hinduism Since Hindus are valued by their spiritual rather than material achievements, there is not the same work ethic or focus on entrepreneurship found in some other religions Promotion and adding new responsibilities may not be the goal of an employee, or may be infeasible due to the employee39。s lifetime ? class system 階級(jí)制度 ? is a form of open social stratification in which the position a person has by birth can be changed through his or her achievement or luck SCHOOL OF ECONOMY SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY OF NATIONALITIES SHAN GAO Religious and ethical systems Religion is a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred. The religions with the greatest following are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Confucianism influences behavior and shapes culture in many parts of Asia. 宗教是一種具有神圣意義的共同的信念和儀式。納門華斯和羅伯特 最外表的一層稱象征物（ Symbols），如服裝、語言、建筑物等等，人的肉眼能夠很容易看見；第二層是 英雄人物性格（ Heroes），在一種文化里，人們所崇拜英雄的性格代表了此文化里大多數(shù)人的性格，因此 , 了解英雄的性格 , 很大程度上也就了解英雄所在文化的民族性格；第三層是 禮儀（ Rituals），禮儀是每種文化里對(duì)待人和自然的獨(dú)特表示方式，如中國文化中，主要場(chǎng)合吃飯時(shí)的位置安排，很有講究，又比如日本人的鞠躬和進(jìn)門脫鞋；最里面的一層是 價(jià)值觀（ Values），指人們相信什么是真、善、美的抽象觀念，也是文化中最深邃、最難理解的部分。 Reasons for imposing embargoes and sanctions have varied: Export Controls ? Exportcontrol systems出口管制制度 ? 目的在于禁止或者至少是延遲敵對(duì)國家獲得戰(zhàn)略性重要商品商品的制度 ? designed to deny or at least delay the acquisition of strategically important goods by political adversaries. ?Bribery and Corruption 賄賂和腐敗 Regulating International Business Behavior Transparency International ?International Business Ethics 國際商務(wù)領(lǐng)域的倫理道德 ?Boycotts 聯(lián)合抵制 ?制止與商品或者是服務(wù)某一特定銷售商開展有商務(wù)活動(dòng)的有組織的行為；出于政治或者經(jīng)濟(jì)的原因在國際領(lǐng)域被內(nèi)被加以運(yùn)用 ?Antitrust Laws 反托拉斯法 ?禁止壟斷、貿(mào)易限制和合謀以阻礙競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為的法律 HostCountry Perspective ?Political Risk ?Economic Risk ?Legal Risk 意外情況可能包含以下幾個(gè)方面 合法的政府權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)的行動(dòng) 政府控制以外的因素所導(dǎo)致的事件 非自愿的喪失對(duì)特定資產(chǎn)的控制權(quán)而沒有得到足夠的補(bǔ)償 全部或者是部分被征用 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)革命 被剝奪財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利 敲詐勒索 沒收 恐怖主義 權(quán)利取消或者是不公平的要求履行保證書 罷工 從外國控制的關(guān)聯(lián)公司期望得到的利潤流價(jià)值減少 不履行國民待遇 民族主義購買者或者是供應(yīng)者 限制注入金融、勞動(dòng)力、或者是原材料市場(chǎng) 針對(duì)集團(tuán)對(duì)運(yùn)營所產(chǎn)生的威脅和破壞 對(duì)價(jià)格產(chǎn)出或者是勞動(dòng)進(jìn)行控制 外在原因?qū)е碌慕鹑谙拗? 貨幣和兌換要求 對(duì)進(jìn)口或者出口施加的外在限制 增值稅和出口要求 Political Risk Three Major Types of Risk ?Ownership所有權(quán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ?Operating經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ?Transfer轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Political Risk Intellectual Property Rights： IPR 由企業(yè)、科學(xué)、文學(xué)或者是藝術(shù)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的合法的權(quán)利 Possible outes可能的結(jié)果 ?Violence and Conflict 暴力和沖突 ?Expropriation 征用：政府以通常低于公司資產(chǎn)投資的低水平補(bǔ)償接管某一公司 ?Confiscation 沒收：政府強(qiáng)制性獲得某一公司，而對(duì)于所取得的資產(chǎn)沒有任何的補(bǔ)償 ?Domestication 國有化：政府要求將部分所有權(quán)或管理權(quán)限從外國公司轉(zhuǎn)移到當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)體，有或者是沒有補(bǔ)償。傳統(tǒng)是一個(gè)國家的法律歷史，先例是法院以前判過的案例，而慣例則是指應(yīng)用法律的具體方式。 ? 世界不同的法律體系 普通法系 the mon law system 大陸法系 the civil law system 宗教法系 the theocratic law system LEGAL SYSTEMS 普通法系 the mon law system 是以傳統(tǒng)、先例和慣例為基礎(chǔ)（ based on tradition, precedent, and custom） 。 禁運(yùn)：出于敵對(duì)或者是政治目的而非經(jīng)濟(jì)的目的，通常全面禁止貿(mào)易的政府行為。該法禁止為獲得或保留外國官員管轄的生意而向外國政府官員行賄 Property rights can be violated through private action public action and corruption 財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)可以通過兩種方式被侵犯 私下行為 公共行為和腐敗 Legal Risk Country rankings of corruption in 2022 Legal Risk Patent: inventors’ exclusive rights to manufacture, use, sale of an invention Copyright: same for authors, posers, artists, publishers Trademarks: unique designs and names, often officially registered 專利 是準(zhǔn)許一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品或新工藝的發(fā)明者在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)享有制造、使用或出售該發(fā)明的專有權(quán) 版權(quán) 是作者、作曲家、劇作家、藝術(shù)家和出版商出版和以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絺鞑テ渥髌返膶Ｓ泻戏?quán)利 商標(biāo) 是設(shè)計(jì)和品牌的名稱，通常需要在官方 注冊(cè)登記，商人或制造商用以稱呼和區(qū)別其產(chǎn)品 Intellectual Property Rights： IPR 由企業(yè)、科學(xué)、文學(xué)或者是藝術(shù)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的合法的權(quán)利 Legal Risk Legal Risk 1. Product safety laws set safety standards for products and manufacturing processes 2. Product liability laws hold the firm and its officers responsible for product safety standards 3. Criminal laws/ civil liability laws Least extensive in lesser developed countries Raise important ethical issues for firms doing business abroad Product safety and liabil