【正文】 urism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’ s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases. Aside from the fact that not all munities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost. １３ 鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 作者： 弗雷德里克 國籍： 美國 出處： SAGE 出版社 中文譯文： 旅游業(yè)是一 種十分 受歡迎的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。 本研究額外 進行了 對 在鄉(xiāng)村旅游 發(fā)展中的 鄉(xiāng)村旅游企業(yè)家 ， 一個被忽視的群體 的 研究（斯托科夫斯基 1990）。企業(yè)資源共享的同時 ，也有競爭的要求 。1985 ；帕和 bejou1995）。 除上 述列表外，還有旅游企業(yè)家促進了旅游的開發(fā)。旅游 及和 它相關(guān)的 工作 的生產(chǎn)利潤 往往是季節(jié)性的，一年中只有部分。 1994鄉(xiāng)村旅游為一些因人口少而可能無法留在 農(nóng)村社區(qū)的小公司提供了保障。 鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以 與其所在地的 地方政府和小型企業(yè) 共同發(fā)展 ， 但它的發(fā)展并不一定依賴于外部企業(yè)或公司。 1994）。隨著農(nóng)村失業(yè)率高于城市水平，實際 的 收入增長停滯在 農(nóng)村地區(qū)（希爾和瑞德 1992）。結(jié)果清楚地表明重要的社區(qū) 不是直接就是間接地參與到了鄉(xiāng)村 旅游 的 開發(fā) 中。朱莉和 約翰 國籍： 美國 出處： SAGE 出版社 中文譯文： 20 世紀 70 年代以來，經(jīng)濟體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機使得農(nóng)村社區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的選擇減少，同時促使 老年人發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可行 性降低 ，迫使 人們?nèi)?尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來維持 生計 。 and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the munity as a tourist product (Gunn 1988。(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities。s ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural munities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois munities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the munity approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism. ２ Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural munities’ economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their ines with offfarm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural munities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real ine growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993). These changes limited rural munities’ economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993。 economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of t